1 / 26

Exotic Derivatives

Exotic Derivatives. credit spread forward CSF. CSF is a contract where two parties agree to pay or receive a future spread that depends on the difference between the yield on two indices at the origination and that prevails at the settlement of the contract. Credit Spread Option.

neil
Download Presentation

Exotic Derivatives

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Exotic Derivatives

  2. credit spread forward CSF • CSF is a contract where two parties agree to pay or receive a future spread that depends on the difference between the yield on two indices at the origination and that prevails at the settlement of the contract.

  3. Credit Spread Option • This OTC option contract allows two parties to enter into a contract where the buyer/writer pays/receives an upfront fee for contingent cash flow in the future if the spread, that is, the difference between the yield on two financial instruments, widens/tightens above the strike price agreed at the origination and that of the settlement period.

  4. For example, if the spread tightens to 200 basis points (XYZ credit improves) in the above example in the next six months, the call is in the money and the call option buyer receives $468,750, that is equal to the duration times the notional principal times 15 basis points. • The buyer of the call has paid an upfront fee of $137,500, .0055 x $25 million for this option. This is an off balance sheet transaction that is highly leveraged, with a small probability of an enormous upside potential and downside risk limited to the amount of premium paid upfront.

  5. Asset Swap Switch • Selling/buying an asset contingent on its widening/tightening its spread against say LIBOR with an agreement to buy/sell another asset is an option to enter into an asset swap swap (also known as asset swap switch). • Long put in one asset plus short put in another asset conditional on widening of the spread produces asset swap switch. • Long call in one asset plus short call in another asset conditional on tightening of the spread produces asset swap switch.

  6. Callable Step up • This over the counter option was developed in the late 1990s by large banks for window dressing the balance sheet for a short period and realized benefits of regulatory capital relief on the portfolio of credit risks denominated in dollars or foreign currency on transactions of $1 to $3 billion. • The bank having exposure to investment grade credits or unfunded commitment can reduce the risk-based capital by buying an option on default protection that may reduce the risk weight from 100 percent of the 8 percent required reserve capital to 20 percent of the 8 percent for a short period of time.

  7. Example • Consider a German bank with a portfolio of credit risks Baa2/Bbb rated with the weighted average coupon (WAC) of LIBOR + 40, weighted average maturity (WAM) of 7.2 years and duration of 5.3 years. The market value of the portfolio is $2.5 billion. • The bank contemplates laying off the credit risk of the portfolio over the next reporting period to Bundes Bank by purchasing an over the counter option for 60 days. • The annualized premium is 60 basis points. • The bank pays an upfront premium of 10 basis points to the protection seller for assuming the credit risk. • The protection seller realizes $2.5 million premium for taking the credit risk of the portfolio of 200 obligors in this highly leveraged transaction that is booked in the bank’s trading desk. The protection seller assumes the risk of default in any one of the referenced credits however small in probability of default but substantial in severity of loss.

  8. Light service de Electricidade Brazil secured a $23 million loan from foreign investors to upgrade electricity services to Rio de Janeiro and the surrounding low-income areas recently. The loan was guaranteed against T&C restrictions and expropriation. Example

  9. Transfer & Convertibility Protection Annual Premium Multi Lateral Investment Guarantee Foreign Investor Electricidade Brazil $23 million T & C Protection Dividend, interest and Principal

  10. Investors investing in the emerging market bonds have double exposure to: • sovereign risk, • as well as the exposure to the U.S. interest rates risk. • For example, tightening a sovereign spread as a result of improvement in the sovereign rating increases the value of the Brady bonds, however, rising U.S. interest rates is likely to adversely affect the value of the these bonds other things remaining the same.

  11. Tightening or widening credit spreads of Brady bonds over U.S. Treasuries provide opportunities for arbitrage profit. • Example:

  12. Emerging Market Bonds • The financial markets in Eastern Europe, Latin America, and Asia (Japan not included) make up what is known as the emerging markets. • The sovereign nations as well as firms in these economies issue mostly dollar denominated and some euro denominated debts to undertake various projects. • Like other bonds issued in the major industrial countries these bonds are rated by rating agencies and due to higher credit risk and sovereign risk the yield is at significant spread over the U.S. Treasuries.

  13. Problems in Emerging Market Finance • Emerging markets economies are plagued with: • lack of an orderly secondary market, • transparency, • higher price volatility, • wider bid/ask spread, • and the absence of reliable price quotes among other things. The development of an orderly financial market hinges on the ability of the banks, financial institutions, and finance and insurance companies to effectively securitize their financial assets.

  14. Brady Bonds • Some of the secondary market trading of the emerging economies debts is in the repackaged sovereign debts whose principal and some interest is backed by long-term Treasury zero-coupon bonds known as Brady Bonds. • Brady Bonds represent the repackaging and restructuring of nonperforming bank loans into marketable securities collateralized by long dated zeros when former Treasury Secretary Nicholas Brady worked out a plan in 1989 with Mexico to mitigate a huge concentration of risk that U.S financial institutions faced. • According to the plan, the U.S. government and lending institutions agreed to provide some relief in the form of forgiving some of the principal and interest provided that Mexico implemented certain structural reforms. • The U.S. financial institutions, having written off some of the nonperforming loans, reduced their concentration risk and cleaned up their balance sheet. The Brady plan did not pay off the defaulted bank loans, however, it provided a plan where these loans could be paid off in the distant future.

  15. Past due interest bonds cover interest due on restructured loans and do not have collateral except in the case of Costs Rica. • Front loaded interest reduction bonds (FLIRBs) have a rolling interest guarantee (RIG) that covers 12 months of interest over the first 5 year period. However FLIRBs have no guarantee of principal. • The principal bonds cover the principal owed on the bank loans and there are two types of par or discount bonds. Principal par bonds are long dated instrument with a 25 to 30 year maturity with a fixed rate coupon.

  16. Investors investing in the emerging market bonds have double exposure to • sovereign risk as well as the exposure to • The U.S. interest rates risk. • For example, tightening a sovereign spread as a result of improvement in the sovereign rating increases the value of the Brady bonds, however, rising U.S. interest rates is likely to adversely affect the value of the these bonds other things remaining the same.

  17. Daily HDD and CDD as defined in the CME contracts are respectively the put and call options at the strike price of 65° Fahrenheit and are priced using a standard option pricing formula assuming the cumulative degree-day distribution is normal.

  18. The HDD index for February 2003 is valued at 49,800 (498 times $100). • Suppose ice cream chain Baskin Robbins is concerned about falling revenue due to a forecast of 10° F which is colder than average temperature in the month of February. • The chain is likely to hedge this risk by selling February 2003 CDD futures at CME or buying put options. Alternatively the chain can buy February 2003 HDD futures or buy call options in mitigating the risk of below average temperature that hurts the bottom line that could be offset with the futures or options that produces positive cash flow in the event the expectation of the hedger materialized. • However, had the hedger been proven wrong and the average temperature exceeds the forecast, the hedger enjoys an increase in profits and the hedge proves to be a minor nuisance with a cost that will be written off against the gains. The number of contracts to sell/buy depends on the amount of decrease in sales revenue by the chain in the month of February for every 1point drop in temperature.

  19. The historical past observations on sales revenue and temperature has revealed that the correlation is nearly -90 percent between the two parameters during the cold season and 1 HDD point drop in temperature translates into nearly $5,000 loss in revenue. • Suppose the chain expects the revenue to fall by $500,000 due to cold weather forecast as demand for ice cream is reduced. • The chain is likely to buy 50 HDD February 2003 futures contract to hedge against the risk of 100 degree-day drop in temperature. • The hedge is zero net present value at the origination and is likely to change as the temperature and its volatility changes over time producing positive or negative cash flow for the hedger at the time the hedge is unwind or at the expiration of the contract. • In the above example suppose the HDD index for February 2003 closes at 585 as the hedger expected colder than average month. Each future contract will produce profit of $8,700 (87 x $100) or $435,000 that offsets the lost revenue due to colder than average temperature.

  20. Weather Derivatives • According to WRMA, nearly 70 percent of businesses in the United States are exposed to some type of weather related financial risk. • The U.S. department of commerce estimated the corporate weather exposure at nearly $1 trillion or one eighth of gross domestic product • Mitigating weather related risk is expected to reduce the volatility of earnings and enhance value for shareholders as well as improve the credit ratings of the firm as most analysts in Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s, and Goldman Sachs concur. • The Weather Risk Management Association (WRMA), formed in 1999, is a trade association dedicated to serving and promoting this industry.

More Related