Intellectual Disabilities and Developmental Delays

1. Intellectual Disabilities and Developmental Delays By TheaDePinto Combs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUo0wjUtzZc

2. IDIOT

3. Imbecile

4. Moron

5. RETARD

6. NOT ANY MORE! NOT BEING OVERLY SENSITIVE! NOT BEING TOO POLITICALLY CORRECT! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LzENnzFT3x0

7. Putting a Human Name on a Human condition “A superior IQ does not guarantee a successful and happy life, nor does a low IQ doom a person to a miserable existence.” (Hallahan, and Kauffman, 2009, Pg. 157)

8. Definition of Intellectual Disabilities “[Intellectual disability] is a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills. This disability originates before age 18. (AAMR Ad Hoc Committee on Terminology and Classification, 2002, p. 1)” (Hallahan, and Kauffman, 2009, Pg. 147)

9. ENHANCED DEFINITION The American Association of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) Definition “underscores two important points.” First “Intellectual disability involves problems in adaptive behavior not just intellectual functioning.” Second, “intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior of a person with intellectual disabilities can be IMPROVED.” (Hallahan, and Kauffman, 2009, Pg. 147)

10. AS RECOGNIZED BY BOTH THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION AND THE AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION THERE ARE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY • MILD (IQ OF ABOUT 50 TO 70) It’s important to note that students whose IQ’s are around 70 are more likely to be deemed learning disabled in order to avoid the perceived stigma of having an intellectual disability • MODERATE (IQ OF ABOUT 35 TO 50) • SEVERE (IQ OF ABOUT 20 TO 35) • PROFOUND (IQ BELOW ABOUT 20)

11. IQ Score Bell Curve(Hallahan, and Kauffman, 2009, pg. 149) • Note: • The average IQ is 100

12. Causes of Intellectual Disabilities • PRENATAL CAUSES • PERINATAL CAUSES • POSTNATAL CAUSES

13. PRENATAL (BEFORE BIRTH) CAUSES • Developmental Disorders of Brain Formation • Inborn Errors of Metabolism • Chromosomal/Genetic Disorders • Environmental Influences

14. Developmental Delays in Brain Formation Causes can be hereditary conditions/genetic syndromes or infections affecting the structural development of the brain. Two Examples: • Microcephalus: “The head is abnormally small and conical in shape. The intellectual disability that results usually ranges from severe to profound. No specific treatment and life expectancy is short” (Hallahan, and Kauffman, 2009, Pg. 154) • Hydrocephalus: “ Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid inside or outside the brain. The blockage of the circulation of the fluid results in a buildup of excessive pressure on the brain and enlargement of the skull.” (Hallahan, and Kauffman, 2009, Pg. 154)

15. Inborn Errors of Metabolism Definition: “Inherited deficiencies in enzymes used to metabolize basic substances in the body such as amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, or trace elements.” (Hallahan, and Kauffman, 2009, Pg. 153) Example: Phenylketonuria (PKU

16. Chromosomal/Genetic Disorders • Over 1,000 types of Genetic Disorders • Most common types include: • Down Syndrome • Williams Syndrome • Fragile X Syndrome • Prada-Willi Syndrome

17. ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES • Toxic Agents such as cocaine and heroin • Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) spectrum covers derivatives such as cigarette smoking and alcohol • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) specifically caused from excessive drinking • Poor Maternal Nutrition • Radiation (X-Rays) • Infections especially during the first trimester such as Rubella (German Measles)

18. PERINATAL (TIME OF BIRTH) CAUSES • Anoxia (Loss of Oxygen) • Low birth weight (LBW) A baby is considered to have low birth weight if born weighing 5.5 lbs. or lower Factors LBW include: poor nutrition teenage pregnancy drug abuse excessive cigarette smoking poverty level of the mother • Infections: Syphilis & herpes complex

19. POSTNATAL (AFTER BIRTH) CAUSES • BIOLOGICAL POSTNATAL CAUSES Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Caused by blows to the head, vehicle accidents and violent shaking Infections such as Meningitis and encephalitis Toxins (Lead Paint Poisoning) Malnutrition • PSYCHOSOCIAL POSTNATAL CAUSES Poverty Abuse & Neglect Under Stimulation “Inadequate exposure to stimulating adult-child interactions, poor teaching, and lack of reading materials, also can result in intellectual disabilities, especially mild intellectual disability. For example, in one l large-scale study of 267, 277 children, those who were born to teenage mothers who had fewer than twelve years of education were at I increased risk for mild and moderate intellectual disabilities.” (Hallahan, and Kauffman, 2009, Pg. 155)

20. UNDER STIMULATION “Inadequate exposure to stimulating adult-child interactions, poor teaching, and lack of reading materials, also can result in intellectual disabilities, especially mild intellectual disability. For example, in one large-scale study of 267, 277 children, those who were born to teenage mothers who had fewer than twelve years of education were at increased risk for mild and moderate intellectual disabilities.” (Hallahan, and Kauffman, 2009, Pg. 155)

21. Standards to Assess Intellectual Disabilities • Two Means of Identification 1. The Use of IQ or Intelligence Tests • Formula for figuring out a person’s IQ IQ=(Mental Age divided by chronological Age X 100) 2. Adaptive Behavior meaning a parent or a teacher can fairly assess a student’s ability to perform adaptive skills via the use questionnaires.

22. STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESS IN BEHAVIOR BASED UPONSPECIFIC GENETIC SYNDROME(Hallahan, and Kaufman, 2009, Page 161)

23. Important Considerations • It’s important to note that all people with disabilities are vulnerable because they are very often gullible and fall victim to being used and taken advantage of. • Atkins v. Virginia, {U.S. Supreme Court Case, 2002.} Court held that the intellectually disabled could not be held subject to the death penalty.

24. Educational Considerations Functional Academics: “Teaching academics in the context of daily Living skills. Whereas, the non-disabled child is taught academics (such as Reading), to learn other academic content (such as history), the child with Intellectual disabilities is often taught reading to learn to function independently. In functional reading, the child learns academics to do such things as read a newspaper Read telephone book, read labels on goods at the store, and fill out job applications.” (Hallahan, and Kauffman, 2009, Pg. 162) • Academic Subjects in Exceptional Education are taught give or take on a student’s level of intellectual disability. • All students with intellectual disability will have Some instruction in academic, self-help, community living and vocational skills.

25. Curriculum Activities (Hallahan, and Kauffman, 2009, Table 8.3 pg. 172) Activities for Intellectually Disabled Students Span across Elementary, Middle School and High School Areas that are Stressed are: Domestic Living Skills Example: In Elementary School a student may be taught to wash dishes, dress oneself, groom oneself, go to the toilet and sort clothes Community Living Skills Example: In Middle School a student may be taught to cross the street safely, purchase an item from a store, use local transportation get to and from recreational facilities Leisure Living Skills Example: A High School student may be taught to jog, play archery, watch college basketball games, play video games, play card games, swim, garden Vocational Living Skills Although vocational skills are typically taught in High School a growing emphasis is placed on teaching younger students. For Example a middle school student may learn to wax floors, hang an bag clothes, bus tables, operate machinery such as dishwasher , buffer, etc. follow a job sequence.

26. Other Teaching Strategies 1.Systematic Instruction- Using prompts , consequences and the transfer or scaffolding of tasks from the teacher/parent to the student/child. 2. Instruction in real-life settings with real materials 3. Functional behavioral assessment (Having students think out their behaviors in social situations) 4. Positive behavioral intervention and support.

27. TRANSITIONING INTO ADULTHOOD FOR LEARNERS WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES Three Goals of Transitioning 1. Self Determination “The ability to act autonomously, be self regulated, act in psychologically empowered manner and act in a self-realized manner.” (Hallahan, and Kauffman, 2009, pg. 172) 2. Community Adjustment Living independently either at home or in a group home atmosphere but being able to take care of one’s daily living and survival needs 3. Employment being a productive member of and giving back to society • Sheltered Employment working in an employment setting with other disabled employees • Supported Competitive Employment working in an integrated work atmosphere alongside non-disabled employees but with a support system in place such as a job coach. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PhPIi9KF4Cw

28. Early Intervention Long Term Benefits that “at risk” children and their families received because they were involved with early intervention services: • “More had completed the twelfth grade • Fewer had been arrested • More owned their own homes • Fewer had ever been on welfare • They had a lower teenage pregnancy rates • They earned a better-than-average income • Classification as intellectually disabled was less likely.” (Hallahan, and Kauffman, 2009, pg. 169) Other important point: “A cost-benefit analysis that took into account such things as costs of welfare and the criminal justice system and benefits of taxes on Earnings showed a return of $7.16 for every dollar invested.” (Hallahan, and Kauffman, 2009, pg. 169) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KrUNBfyjlBk

29. Developmental Delays “Early childhood programs designed to enhance the development of children already identified with intellectual disabilities place a great deal of emphasis on language and conceptual development. Because these children often have multiple disabilities, other professionals –for example speech therapist and physical therapists- are frequently involved in their education. Also, many of the better programs include opportunities for parent involvement.” (Hallahan, and Kauffman, 2009, pg. 169) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uFC4UK5rk4E

30. Useful Websites American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) formerly known as the American Association on Mental Retardation www.aamr.org/index.shtml The Arc formerly known as the Association for Retarded Citizen, A parent organization and advocate www.thearc.org Human Genome Project www.ornl/gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml National Association for Down Syndrome www.nads.org

31. Useful Websites Continued • The Williams Syndrome Association www.williams-syndrome.org • The National Fragile X Foundation www.fragilex.org/html/home.shtml • The Prader-Willi Association www.pwsausa.org • Best Buddies www.bestbuddies.org

32. REFERENCES Hallahan, D.P., Kauffman, J.M. & Pullen, P.C., (2009). Exceptional Learners: Introduction to Special Education (11th Ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon FreakNLeather, (2008 January 30). “Special Olympics” Tribute To All Volunteers [Video File]. Video posted to: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUo0wjUtzZc Special Olympics Texas, (2008 September 15). Eliminate the R-Word PSA 17 [Video File]. Video posted to: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LzENnzFT3x0 Special Olympics VA, (2008 December 18). Careers for People with Intellectual Disabilities [Video File]. Video posted to: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PhPIi9KF4Cw • http://www.mathxl.com/info/mmlib.aspx?bookcode=hallahan11 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PhPIi9KF4Cwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUo0wjUtzZchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LzENnzFT3x0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KrUNBfyjlBk (Very Good YouTube Video-Developmental Delays)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uFC4UK5rk4E (Speech and Language Delays) • http://abavtooldev.pearsoncmg.com/myeducationlab/simpleviewer.php?projectID=specialeducation&clipID=SE_16_228.flv Flynn, James (Producer), O’Donnell, Damien (Director). (2005). Rory O’Shea Was Here [Motion Picture]. United States:Focus Features Gupta, Nalin MD, PhD. (2009 February 06). What is Spina Bifida? [Video File]. Video posted to http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pE22cZ-ZlCg Tim, 2006 June, 11. Independent-living for physical disabilities in the community. Retrieved from http://vids.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=vids.individual&videoid=1350572

33. REFERENCES CONTINUED Rosary Films, (2009 February 11). Early Recognition of Child Development Problems/ Education Video [Video File]. Video posted to: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KrUNBfyjlBk Akron Childrens, (2009 February 23). Children’s On Demand: Childhood Speech and Language Delays [Video File]. Video posted to: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uFC4UK5r4E

34. ASSESSMENT • Using the concept of a functional lesson plan to teach students with intellectual disabilities, come up with an idea for a lesson to teach math or reading comprehension skills that can be applied in a “real life” context. • Only include the objective of your lesson plan, as well as, a short summary of the actual lesson. • Example: Taking a field trip to a supermarket to teach basic math skills, making change, budgeting, etc.