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AP World History Review: Human/Environment Interaction

AP World History Review: Human/Environment Interaction. Mr. Millhouse AP World History Hebron High School Spring 2009. Human/Environment Interaction. This theme includes: Demography & Disease Demography is the statistical study of human populations Migrations Patterns of Settlement

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AP World History Review: Human/Environment Interaction

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  1. AP World History Review:Human/Environment Interaction Mr. Millhouse AP World History Hebron High School Spring 2009

  2. Human/Environment Interaction • This theme includes: • Demography & Disease • Demography is the statistical study of human populations • Migrations • Patterns of Settlement • Technology

  3. Paleolithic Era: Demography Population growth during the Paleolithic Era was relatively stagnant

  4. Paleolithic Era: Migration

  5. Paleolithic Era: Patterns of Settlement • Hunter-Gatherers (Foragers) • Men hunt and/or fish; women gather fruits • Follow migratory patterns of animals • Need large portions of land to support themselves • Life expectancy was 20 years or less • Lived in groups of 20-30 people

  6. Paleolithic Era: Technology

  7. Neolithic Era: Technology • Agriculture (10,000 BCE) • Caused by climate change? • Slash & Burn • Domestication of Animals • Technology related to agriculture • Irrigation, canals, etc. • Bronze metallurgy • People need nature & nature needs people

  8. Neolithic Era: Demography • Effects of agriculture • Increase in population • Rise of disease • Decline of life expectancy • Environmental degradation • Increase in pollution • Increase in deforestation • Increase in desertification Intensive agriculture caused human population to jump from 5-8 million to 60 to 70 million in 5,000 years

  9. New Patterns of Settlement • Small village communities • Pastoral societies • Nomadic herders • Rise of civilizations • Mesopotamia (3500 BCE) • Egypt (3000 BCE) • Indus River (2500 BCE) • China (2000 BCE) • Olmec (1400 BCE) • Chavin (900 BCE)

  10. Human Migration: Indo-Europeans Aryans

  11. Human Migration: Polynesians

  12. Human Migration: Bantu

  13. New Technology: Iron • Iron use begins 1500 BCE • Effects of Iron • Population growth • Expansion of agriculture • Growth of cities • Expansion of civilization

  14. Patterns of Settlement: Classical Era

  15. Classical Demography • Spread of epidemic disease • Smallpox, Justinian plague, etc. • Population decreases dramatically • Europe falls 50% between 200-600 CE • Asia’s population falls from 170 to 135 million between 0-600 CE • Contributes to the decline of classical empires

  16. Post-Classical Migration

  17. Post-Classical Demography • Population grows after 800 CE • Technology • Europe: moldboard plow and three-field system • China: Champa rice & terrace farming • Africa: Iron plow • Aztecs: Chinampas • Spread of crops • Rice, cotton, sugarcane, citrus fruits, etc.

  18. Post-Classical Demography • Urbanization • Hangzhou—1 million ppl. • Paris—275,000 people • Italian cities • Tenochtitlan • Bubonic Plague • China’s population fell 50% from 1200-1400 • Europe’s population fell 33%-50% • Population took only 100 years to rebound

  19. Spread of Civilization

  20. Spread of Civilization

  21. Demography 1450-1750: Americas • Discovery of the Americas • Decreased indigenous American population by as much as 90% • Replaced by two waves of migration • African slave trade • European colonization

  22. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

  23. Columbian Exchange

  24. Demography 1450-1750: China • China’s population tripled from 1650-1750 • Improved farming techniques • Introduction of American crops (potatoes and corn) • End of nomadic invasions

  25. Demography 1450-1750: Europe • Urbanization • Netherlands became 1st country with 50% urban population • London—50,000 in 1600; 400,000 by 1650 • Paris—200,000 in 1350; 500,000 by 1700 • Agricultural Revolution • Crop rotation and enclosures • American crops (corn and potatoes) • Population in every area of Europe increased by 50-100% in the 18th century

  26. Demography 1750-1914: Global

  27. Demography 1750-1914: Europe • Tremendous population growth • Improvements in food supply • Application of science & technology • Improved seeds, fertilizer, & livestock • Refrigeration • Industrial transportation eliminates famine • Steamboat • Creates a greater need for new energy sources • Coal, electricity, gas, & petroleum

  28. Demography 1750-1914: Europe • Demographic transition • High to low mortality • High to low fertility • Rapid urbanization • Suburbanization • Decline in urban mortality • Urban sanitation • Germ theory of disease

  29. European Migration from 1750 • 40 million Europeans emigrated to the two Americas, Australia, Asiatic Australia, South Africa, and other areas

  30. African Slave Trade after 1750 • Nearly two million Africans were shipped to the Americas between 1750 & 1870

  31. Demography 1750-1914: Asia • Japanese population growth increased dramatically after 1850 • Provides labor for industrialization & helps promote imperialism • Asia’s population nearly doubled • China’s population went from 220 million to 435 million • India’s population went from 165 million to 290 million

  32. Asian labor migration after 1750 Japan: Over 500,000 to the Americas and Pacific China: Over 8 million emigrated to Southeast Asia (Thailand-1.5 million & Indonesia-2.8 million) and the Americas India: Over 1 million emigrated as indentured servants to South Africa & Caribbean

  33. Population Explosion of 20th Century Population quadrupled from 1.6 billion to 6.2 billion

  34. Causes of Change • Public Health Measures • Attacks on disease carrying insects • Widespread vaccinations • Information campaigns • Programs to control sewage and other contaminants • International agencies focused on health care • More dependable food supplies • New farming methods

  35. Improved Agriculture Green Revolution Peasants Uprisings China, Mexico, etc. Pressure Third World governments Urbanization Parasitic cities Urban pollution Immigration East Asian emigration continued Middle East & Africans emigrated to Western Europe & the U.S. Immigrants face prejudice Impacts of Population Growth

  36. Limiting Population Growth • Many countries advocated birth control & legalized abortion • 85% of countries backed family planning • China adopted a two-child policy in 1977 • Eventually became a one-child policy in 1979 • Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi proposed involuntary sterilization • Return of plague epidemics • AIDS virus

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