Unit 1

1. Unit 1 The Development of Microbiology

2. Do Now • What was the last illness you had? • How sick did you feel? • Do you know if it was caused by a microorganism? Which one?

3. The Beginnings • _________ _________ 1665: • Introduced the world to small objects and creatures when he published his journal –_______________ • It contained illustrations of • Eye of a fly • Stinger of a bee • Shell of a protozoan • Plant-like mold • Cork cells

4. The Beginnings • _______ _________: • Spectacle maker from the Netherlands • Invented the microscope

5. The Beginnings • _______ ____ ____________ 1670’s • Seller of silk, wool, and cotton in the Netherlands • Enhanced Jansenn’s __________ for use in his business • But his fascination with the microscope led him to examine hair fibers, blood cells and even his own feces

6. The Beginnings • Anton van Leeuwenhoek (continued) • Looked at marshy lake water which teemed with microorganisms – he called them ____________ • He contacted the Royal Society of London and sent them letters and drawings of his studies • But, he was very suspicious and didn’t let any one know how to make his lenses • He also never made the connection between ______________ and __________

7. The Transition Period • Biology of the 1700’s consisted of observations of plant and animal life and attempts to classify them (Linnaeus) • Scientists did not think of _____________ in terms of tiny living organisms • Believed that an infectious disease spread by a ________ - an altered chemical quality of the atmosphere which arose from diseased bodies - miasmas • This miasma theory was believed well into the 1800’s and gradually dissipated with the realization that microorganisms caused ___________ ___________

8. Do Now • 1. Who invented the microscope? • 2. Who improved or enhanced the microscope? • 3. What is the name of the chemical quality of the atmosphere that 1700’s scientists believed caused infectious disease?

9. Spontaneous Generation • In the 1700’s many scientists believed that life comes from ____________ __________ • Living conditions - Why does meat get maggots? • They come from the meat! • ___________ ________ did not agree with this

10. Spontaneous Generation • REDI’S EXPERIMENT 1668

11. John Needham 1748 • ____________ agreed with spontaneous generation • He boiled bottles of broth (gravy) and said _________ would kill any organisms already in it • He then _______ the bottles of broth – no air could enter • After several days, the bottles were _____________ with microorganisms • He concluded that they arose from the broth and ______________ ________________ does occur

12. LAZZARO SPALLAZANI b. 1729 • He knew about Redi and Needham’s experiments and he thought Needham was wrong • So, Spallanzani did not believe in ____________ ________________ • What mistake do you think he thought Needham had made in his experiment?

13. LAZZARO SPALLAZANI b. 1729 • He thought Needham hadn’t _________ the broth enough • He decided to run his own version of the experiment • He thoroughly boiled the broth and stored some in an _______ container and some in a _______ container • After several days he saw…… • ____ _________________ in the sealed bottle, and tons in the unsealed bottle

14. Spallanzani’s Experiment

15. LAZZARO SPALLAZANI b. 1729 • ________________ do not come from broth – non-life • They come from ______ ______! • If this were not so then both jars would have organisms • But many still believed in Spontaneous Generation – they said that it required ________ and Spallanzani had blocked it out

16. Disease Transmission • People still believed the Miasma Theory of infection because then people were not at fault for spreading disease • In 1847 _________ _____________, a Hungarian doctor, reported that the agent of blood poisoning was transmitted to maternity patients by doctors that had just performed ___________ • He said that hand washing in ________ ________ would stop the spread of disease • No one listened!!!!!

17. Disease Transmission • _______ _______, a British doctor traced the source of an 1854 _______ __________ to London’s municipal water supply • He said that if people avoided the _______, they would avoid the __________ • People listened and the spread of the disease was stopped • These 2 doctors showed that disease was caused by an unseen object in the environment – not a miasma.

18. Do Now • 1. Briefly describe Francesco Redi’s experiment. What was he trying to disprove? • 2. Did John Needham agree with Redi? • 3. Briefly describe Lazzaro Spallanzani’s experiment. What was his conclusion?

19. The Golden Age • The science of ____________ blossomed for about 60 years, beginning in 1857 • It began with a scientist named ________ _________ and ended about the time of WWI • Numerous branches of microbiology were established and the foundations for modern microbiology were laid down

20. Louis Pasteur’s World • In the 1800’s, the world was ravaged by plague, ___________, typhoid fever, and _______________ • It was necessary to have a _______ ________ to ensure the next generation • Even royalty could not avoid disease • No one was sure what caused disease – no cures

21. Louis Pasteur - Fermentation • Believed that scientific discoveries should have _____________ applications • He wanted to find out why local ________ were turning _________ • At the time people thought that wine fermentation resulted from the __________ ______________ of grape juice into wine. • They didn’t know any living creatures were involved

22. Louis Pasteur – Fermentation • But Pasteur’s microscope revealed large numbers of tiny _______ cells • He correctly believed that the yeasts played a major role in _____________ • In an experiment he removed all yeast from grape juice and it did ______ __________ • Then he added the yeast back and it did ___________ into wine • He suggested that grape juice be heated to destroy all life before fermentation was begun - _______________

23. Louis Pasteur - Bacteria • Pasteur also noticed that the sour wines contained tiny sticks and rods known as _____________ • He did an experiment where he removed all ___________ from grape juice • The when he mixed it with yeast it could ferment and _______ turn sour

24. Louis Pasteur – Germ Theory • Pasteur’s discoveries shook the scientific community • He demonstrated that ________ cells and ___________ were tiny living factories where important chemical changes were occurring • He also showed _____________ could be agents of change – they could cause a disease rather than being an effect of the disease • ________ ________ ____ _______– microorganisms are responsible for infectious diseases

25. LOUIS PASTEUR • People still believed in spontaneous generation! • Pasteur decided to end the debate once and for all with an ____________ ____________

26. LOUIS PASTEUR

27. Pasteur’s Conclusion • He said that life comes from __________! • This is called _______________ • Pasteur’s work brought to an end the debate of spontaneous generation • Now scientists had to concentrate on ______________ certain microorganisms to specific diseases

28. Do Now • 1. What did Pasteur conclude was causing the fermentation of grapes into wine? • 2. What did he show was causing the wine to turn sour? • 3. What is the germ theory of disease? • 4. What did Pasteur’s swan neck experiments disprove?

29. Robert Koch • Koch was a country doctor from East Prussia (now Germany) who was concerned with ___________ which infected cattle and sheep • In a lab in his home, he injected mice with the _________ of diseased cattle, then performed autopsies on the dead mice • Next he isolated a few __________ from a mouse’s blood and placed it in the sterile aqueous humor from an ox’s ________

30. Robert Koch • He watched as the bacteria multiplied and then turned into resistant __________ • Next he took several of the spores and injected them into __________ mice • The symptoms of __________ appeared within hours • Koch autopsied the mice and found their blood swarming with ____________

31. Robert Koch

32. Robert Koch’s Postulates

33. Solid Culture Media • Koch developed a solid culture ________ on which bacteria would grow by solidifying beef broth and gelatin • When inoculated onto the surface, bacteria grew vigorously and produced discrete visible, _____________ • Now _________ is used instead of gelatin because it can resist digestion by certain bacteria and it remains solid when incubated at high temperatures

34. End of the Golden Age • The Golden Age witnessed a series of discoveries unparalleled in the identification of the agents of ____________ • Scientists developed an awareness that infectious disease was caused by _______________ and that the chains of transmission could be broken • These discoveries led to calls for ____________ practices in hospitals, ________________ of milk, _______________ of water, ___________ of insects and __________ in the preparation of foods • This led to a substantial __________ in the incidence of bacterial diseases – but _________ were still to come!

35. Compound Light Microscope

36. Light Path

37. Light Path

38. Oil Immersion

40. Wheat Rust • A disease of wheat caused by a ___________ of the genus Puccinia • Infections can lead up to ______% yield loss - exacerbated by dying leaves which fertilize the fungus • Small brown __________ develop on the leaf blades in a random scatter distribution. They may group into patches in serious cases. Infectious ___________ are transmitted via the soil.