[ Module 1] City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values

1. [Module 1]City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values

2. City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values Whatis urban sanitation? Status and common threats of sanitation in Indian cities NUSP and former policy schemes targeting sanitation Rationale and added value of a CSP Rating ofsanitation in yourcity

3. Sanitation – Definition Safe management of human excreta including its safe confinement, collection, treatment, disposal and associated hygiene-related practices (NUSP).

4. Sanitation and public health Quiz: Are you aware of the faecal - oral transmission route P The schemeshowsthefaecal – oral transmission route ofpathogenswhichcancausesevereproblemsforpublicand individual health. The fourellipses in thecentersymbolizefourpossibletransmissionpathsforpathogens. These canbecontrolledbyvariousstrategiesmakinguseofprimaryandsecondarybarriers. Assignthefollowingfourtermstothecorrecttransmissionpathsconsideringtheeffectsofpossibleprimaryandsecondarybarriers: Fingers, Fields, Flies, Fluids S P P S S Newhost Food Faeces P Modified & developed (Dabrase, Pramod; Bank, Peter , 2012) after (1)

5. Sanitation and public health Answer to quiz: Are you aware of the faecal - oral transmission route • 1 gram of excreta can contain • 1,00,00,000 viruses • 10,00,000 bacteria • 1,000 parasite cysts • 100 parasite eggs • Each time an adult human defecates about 250 gram of excreta • Food sanitation and improved sanitation can reduce diarrheal morbidity – • Hand washing with soap: 30% • Point of use Water treatment : 39% • Sanitation (toilet): 32% Common diseases are: Diarrhoea, Cholera, Malaria, Intestinal worms, Hepatitis, Typhoid, Polio, Ascariasis Fluid P P S Fields S Newhost Food Faeces Flies Fingers P Modified & developed (Dabrase, Pramod; Bank, Peter , 2012) after (1)

6. Impacts of inadequate sanitation Human health • Global death toll: more than 2.2 million people per year, mostly children under age of 5 years • 17% of total deaths among children under age of 5 • In India more than 2,000 children below 5 years die every day Gender aspects Women & girls face drudgery & serious health disorders – due to lack and dirtiness of toilets, lack of private places, long waiting time Girls lose school days, discontinue schools High rate of crimes and violence against women - when they are out for defecation Indirect impacts Contamination and eutrophication of the environment (soils, ground water, water bodies) Reduced ecosystem services Reduced value of properties, Reduced income from tourism Reduced scenic beauty Economy More than 2 billions of human hours lost annually Economic costs related to health care expenses = INR 212 billion/year Productivity loss due to helath problems caused by inadequate sanitation = INR 217 billion/year

7. Quiz: Are you aware of the economic impacts of inadequate sanitation in India?

8. Answer to quiz: Are you aware of the economic impacts of inadequate sanitation in India?

9. Answer to quiz: Are you aware of the economic impacts of inadequate sanitation in India?

10. Black water consists of waste water from toilets. Major difference between grey water and black water is its pollution load (carry diseases causing pathogens) making black water harmful to human beings Waters to be managed by urban sanitation Storm water runoffcan be polluted / loaded with septic tank overflow, faeces, pet waste, oil, heavy metals, organic pollutants etc. Grey water consists of waste water from bathroom, laundry, etc.

11. Sanitation scheme decentralizedon-site sanitation Leach Pit Leaching field Land Application decentralizedon-site / off-site sanitation Septic Tank Emptying Transportation User Interface /toilet Sewage Treatment Plant centralized off-site sanitation Drying Beds Conveyance

12. Sanitation scheme in future – ecological sanitation: from linear to closed loop Source: Water and Wastewater in Asia - The Imperative for New Approaches to Urban WaterandWastewaterManagement, ADB & Partners Conference, Manila, 12 October, 2010, Paul Reiter, Executive Director, International WaterAssociation

13. Status and challenges for sanitation in Indian cities Source: Centre for Science and Environment (2012): Excreta Matters – A profile oft he water and sewage situation in 71 Indian cities (Citizen’s Seventh Report on the State of India’s Environment) Source: MoUD (GTZ-ASEM Consultation workshop on City Sanitation Plans, April 16th, 2010, New Delhi): • between 28-40% of the households are connected to a sewage system, whilst 34-46% rely on often uncontrolled on site disposal, • This ends up in safe disposal of human excreta of only 18-52% of Indian households, whilst excreta of 48-82% of the households are disposed unsafe

14. Status and challenges for sanitation in Indian cities Infra-structure Access to service Institutional Arrangeents Service usage http://www.cstindustries.com/applications/industrial/

15. Funding schemes before NUSP

16. Introduction to National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) Awareness Generation and Behaviour Change Achieving Open Defecation Free Cities Achieving Integrated City-Wide Sanitation Vision All cities & towns become totally sanitized, healthy and liveable , and ensure and sustain good public health and environmental outcomes for all their citizens with a special focus on hygienic and affordable sanitation facilities for the urban poor and women. Specific goals MOUD, GOI launched a NUSP to address all aspects related to urban sanitation in a comprehensive manner on November 12, 2008.

17. NUSP - Implementation strategy Instruments GoI NUSP States Cities • Assistance to prepare DPRs • PPP for key projects • Funding of projects under existing schemes: • national and state level, • PPP, • external funding agencies • Support clarification of institutional roles and responsibilities • National information, education and communication strategy • National capacity building strategy • M&E: Periodic rating of cities State Sanitation Strategies City Sanitation Plans State Rewards Scheme Detailed Project Reports Implementation

18. CSP as a framework to formulate solutions for the illustrated problem areas Support pillars Governanceandinstitutionalframework Awarenessgeneration & behaviouralchange Capacitybuilding Financial sustainability Technology options Components Access totoilets Wastewatermanagement Action plan Strategy River pollutionandstormwatermamnagement Watersupply Base line Solid wastemanagement

19. CSP as a framework to formulate solutions for the illustrated problem areas City Sanitation Planning as a participatory planning process Capacitybuilding

20. Responsibilities and tasks of municipalities related to sanitation (as per 74th Constitutional Amendment) • Policy formulation, regulatory role, and institutional provisions • Financial provisions • Establishing & administrating the specific boards • Monitoring and rewards State

21. Activity: Rating of sanitation in your hometown – status of achievement of NUSP goals • Rate the implementation of urban sanitation services / status of achievement of NUSP goals in your municipality marking the specific rating score • The scores have the following meaning: • -2: item not existing • -1: item requires remarkable improvement • 0: situation reasonable • +1: good situation / performance • +2: best practice example, should be shared • Transfer your individual rating to the poster

25. Thank you very much Indo-German Environment Programme (IGEP) Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH  Sustainable Urban Habitat B-5/2, First Floor, Safdurjung Encalve, New Delhi-110029, Tel: +91-11-49495300/01/02