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Database Systems: A Review Dr. Muhammad Shafique

Database Systems: A Review Dr. Muhammad Shafique. Outline. A historical perspective Fundamentals Classifications Development process Administration. History of DBMS Hardware. 1970s Mainframes & Minicomputers 1980s Personal Computers & Workstations (desktop machines) Mid 1980s

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Database Systems: A Review Dr. Muhammad Shafique

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  1. Database Systems: A ReviewDr. Muhammad Shafique Database Systems: A Review

  2. Outline • A historical perspective • Fundamentals • Classifications • Development process • Administration Database Systems: A Review

  3. History of DBMS Hardware • 1970s • Mainframes & Minicomputers • 1980s • Personal Computers & Workstations (desktop machines) • Mid 1980s • LAN to share resources • 1990s • LAN + PCs client-server computing • LAN + WAN distributed computing Database Systems: A Review

  4. History of DBMS Software • 1970s • Hierarchical & Network Data Models • 1980s • Relational Model • Mainframe Relational DBMSs (DB2, Oracle, ...) • Late 1980s • Database Servers (Oracle, Sybase, SQL Server) • 1990s • Database Serves + Front-end tools (client-server databases) • Distributed & Replicated Databases • Databases and World Wide Web • Data Warehouses • 2000s • Data Streams Database Systems: A Review

  5. Fundamentals • Database concepts • Database • A database represents some aspect of the real world • A database is a logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning. • A database is designed, built, and populated with data for a specific purpose. • It has an intended group of users and some preconceived applications in which these users are interested. • Database Management System • A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of programs that enables users to create and maintain a database. Database Systems: A Review

  6. Fundamentals (Cont.) • Database concepts • Data model • A collection of concepts that can be used to describe the structure of a database • Schema • The description of a database is called the database schema, which is specified during database design and is expected not to change frequently • The three-schema architecture • Internal schema • Conceptual schema • External schema Database Systems: A Review

  7. Fundamentals (Cont.) • Database concepts • Data independence: logical and physical • Database languages • DBMS languages • Database interfaces • Data modeling • Conceptual • Logical • Physical • Database design • Normalization Database Systems: A Review

  8. Fundamentals (Cont.) • Database issues • Query processing and optimization • Transaction processing and concurrency control • Database backup and recovery • Security • Performance monitoring and reorganization Database Systems: A Review

  9. Classifications • Logical organization of data • Records-based database systems • Object-oriented database systems • Object-relational database systems • Deductive/logic database systems • Functional database systems • Physical organization of data • Centralized database systems • Distributed database systems • Homogeneous and heterogeneous • Client-server database systems • Mobile database systems Database Systems: A Review

  10. Classifications (Cont.) • Contents • Symbolic databases • Textual databases • Multi-media databases • Image databases • Spatial databases • Temporal databases • Application domain • Engineering databases • Scientific databases • Statistical databases • Manufacturing databases • Business Database Systems: A Review

  11. Classifications (Cont.) • Data usage • Operational databases • Decision-support databases • Data warehousing • Data mining • Tactical and planning databases • Nature of data • Structured databases • Semi-structured (like XML data) • Unstructured (like Web) Database Systems: A Review

  12. Classifications (Cont.) • Self modifiability • Passive databases • Active databases • Triggers Database Systems: A Review

  13. Historical Development of Database Technology • Early Database Applications The Hierarchical and Network Models were introduced in mid 1960’s and dominated during the seventies. A bulk of the worldwide database processing still occurs using these models. • Relational Model based Systems The model that was originally introduced in 1970 was heavily researched and experimented with in IBM and the universities. Relational DBMS Products emerged in the 1980’s. Database Systems: A Review

  14. Historical Development of Database Technology • Object-oriented applications OODBMSs were introduced in late 1980’s and early 1990’s to cater to the need of complex data processing in CAD and other applications. • Data on the Web and E-commerce Applications Web contains data in HTML (Hypertext markup language) with links among pages. This has given rise to a new set of applications and E-commerce is using new standards like XML (eXtended Markup Language). Database Systems: A Review

  15. Database Development • Organizational context for using database systems • Early1970s to mid-1980s: large centralized repositories of data managed by single centralized DBMS • Mid-1980s to late 1990s: personal databases, client-server databases, data dictionary systems, data warehousing, and data mining • Current trend: distributed client-server database systems with Web applications • Data administration • Strategic planning, • Setting policies and standards, • DBMS independent • Database administration • Control and supervision, • Enforce policies and standards, • DBMS specific Database Systems: A Review

  16. Database Development (Cont.) • Information system life cycle • Feasibility analysis • Requirements collection and analysis, • Design (database design and application design), • Implementation, • Validation and acceptance testing, • Deployment, operation and maintenance Database Systems: A Review

  17. Database Development (Cont.) • Database application system life cycle • System definition ---scope of the database, its users, and its applications are defined • Database design • Database implementation • Loading or data conversion • Application conversion • Testing and validation • Operation • Monitoring and maintenance Database Systems: A Review

  18. Database Design Database Systems: A Review

  19. Database Design (Cont.) • Requirements collection and analysis • User groups, application areas, existing documentation, current operating environment • Conceptual database design • Conceptual schema design • Centralized approach • View integration approach • Transaction design • Choice of DBMS • Logical design (Data model mapping) • Physical design • System implementation Database Systems: A Review

  20. Administration • Database Administration Functions • Data as an organizational asset • Data-information-decision cycle • Database planning, including the definition of standards, procedures, and enforcements • Database Development • Database operations, performance monitoring and tuning • Database training and support • DBA must define, communicate, and enforce procedures for • Database security, privacy, and integrity • Database backup and recovery Database Systems: A Review

  21. Summary • Fundamentals of database systems • Classifications of database systems • Development process of database systems • Database administration Database Systems: A Review

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