1.1.I Review

1. 1.1.I Review How were women treated in most Stone Age societies? a. They were revered and given positions of superiority. b. Equal treatment of both genders was typical. c. Women were forbidden to take any role in hunting. d. Labor tended to be divided along gender lines.

2. 1.1.I Review How were women treated in most Stone Age societies? a. They were revered and given positions of superiority. b. Equal treatment of both genders was typical. c. Women were forbidden to take any role in hunting. d. Labor tended to be divided along gender lines.

3. 1.1.I Review Which of the following traits does not describe hunting and gathering bands? a. The bands could be of any size. b. The bands must have had enough people in them to adequately provide for themselves. c. Men usually hunted. d. Women usually gathered.

4. 1.1.I Review Which of the following traits does not describe hunting and gathering bands? a. The bands could be of any size. b. The bands must have had enough people in them to adequately provide for themselves. c. Men usually hunted. d. Women usually gathered.

5. 1.1.I Review Which of the following statements accurately describes tool use during the Stone Age? a. Religious rituals were unknown during this era. b. Wheels and metal objects were in common use. c. The chief priority in tool design was ensuring a supply of food. d. Only stone was used to make tools.

6. 1.1.I Review Which of the following statements accurately describes tool use during the Stone Age? a. Religious rituals were unknown during this era. b. Wheels and metal objects were in common use. c. The chief priority in tool design was ensuring a supply of food. d. Only stone was used to make tools.

7. 1.1.I Review What is diffusion, in the context of early societal development? a. the assimilation of minority ethnic groups by a larger population b. the conquest of one civilization by a more powerful one c. the gradual demise of a society because of environmental factors d. the spread of goods, ideas, and inventions from one people to another

8. 1.1.I Review What is diffusion, in the context of early societal development? a. the assimilation of minority ethnic groups by a larger population b. the conquest of one civilization by a more powerful one c. the gradual demise of a society because of environmental factors d. the spread of goods, ideas, and inventions from one people to another

9. 1.1.I Review Before the onset of the Neolithic era, Stone Age societies are not believed to have a. buried their dead. b. expressed themselves by means of painting. c. domesticated plants. d. worshipped polytheistically.

10. 1.1.I Review Before the onset of the Neolithic era, Stone Age societies are not believed to have a. buried their dead. b. expressed themselves by means of painting. c. domesticated plants. d. worshipped polytheistically.

11. 1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies • I. Beginning about 10,000 years ago, the Neolithic Revolution led to the development of new and more complex economic and social systems • II. Agriculture and pastoralism began to transform human societies

12. I. NR and New Developments • A. Possibly a response to ____ change, perm ag villages emerged first in the eastern ____. Ag emerged at diff times in Mesopot, NRV and Sub-Sah Af, IRV, YR/Huang He Valley, Papua NG, Mesoam, and the Andes. • Then spread

13. I. NR and New Developments • End of the Ice Age • Better climate=settling down=increase in population=greater need for food • Greater diversity of plants including grains • Less big game

14. I. NR and New Developments B. ____ developed at various sites in the grasslands of Afro-Eurasia. (Central Asia, Arabian peninsula) • N. Africa—domesticated cattle and donkeys b4 FC • Pastoralists fought with farmers • Responsible for cultural diffusion

15. I. NR and New Developments • C. Diff crops/animals were domesticated in the various core regions, depending on available local ___ and ___ • Crop domestication by women, animal domestication by men • No animal domestication in the Americas except alpacas/llamas in the Andes • No wheat grains in the Americas—teosinte • North/South axis vs. East/West axis

16. I. NR and New Developments • D. Ag communities had to work cooperatively to clear land and create the water control systems needed for crop ___ • Caused governments to form

17. I. NR and New Developments • E. These ag practices drastically impacted envt diversity; pastoralists also affected the envt by ___ large numbers of animals on fragile grasslands, leading to ___ when overgrazed • EX—Jordan River Valley, Palestine • Selected some plants and not others • Construction of irrigation

19. II. Ag and Pastoralism Transform • A. Past and Ag led to more ___ and ___ food supplies, which increased the pop • B. Surpluses of food and other goods led to ___ of labor, including new classes of ___ and ___, and the dev of elites

20. II. Ag and Pastoralism Transform • A. Past and Ag led to more ___ and ___ food supplies, which increased the pop • 10,000 BCE—6 million • 5,000 BCE—50 million • Food sources not as diversified—100s out of 2,000 plant, 14 animals

21. II. Ag and Pastoralism Transform • A. Past and Ag led to more ___ and ___ food supplies, which increased the pop • Life not as easy—early farmers—tooth decay, diseases, diminished life expectancy

22. II. Ag and Pastoralism Transform • C. Tech innovations led to improvements in ag production, trade, and transportation • Pottery • Plows • Woven textiles (flax and wool) • Metallurgy (copper, bronze, iron) • Wheels and wheeled vehicles

23. II. Ag and Pastoralism Transform • D. In both past and ag societies, elite groups accumulated wealth, creating more hierarchical social ___ and promoting patriarchal forms of social ___

24. II. Ag and Pastoralism Transform • E. Cultural diffusion • Usually brought by pastoralist • Bantu in Africa moved south and east • Spread language with farming and pastoralism

25. Comparison: When one compares the emergence of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent of Southwest Asia to the same process in Mesoamerica, the most striking similarity is that both • a. succeeded in domesticating a set of large animals that proved useful for their milk, fur, meat, and muscle power. • b. developed crops independently that later spread to other regions. • c. occurred at about the same time. • d. relied heavily on cereal grains as their main crops, unlike other regions of the world where the main crop was maize.

26. Answer • B

27. Connection: All EXCEPT which of the following is a true statement about the spread of agriculture from the various regions where it originated? • a. In some cases agriculture diffused through a gradual spread of the techniques, animals, and crops of agriculture. • b. In some cases agriculture spread through migration of agricultural peoples who upon arrival displaced or absorbed gatherer-hunter populations. • c. The spread of agriculture was sometimes accompanied by the spread of languages. • d. Sometimes agriculture disappeared entirely from the region where it originated but continued to thrive elsewhere.

28. Answer • D

29. Change: Nearly everywhere that the agricultural revolution took place • a. diets and health conditions of humans immediately improved. • b. people enjoyed lifestyles that required less work to produce the same amount of food. • c. the population grew as did the density of settlement. • d. people became less vulnerable to famine.

30. Answer • C

31. Discussion: During the Neolithic period, would you have preferred to live in a(n) • a. agricultural village society? • b. gatherer-hunter society? • c. pastoral society?

32. Discussion: For you, which of the following developments associated with humans settling down to an agricultural lifestyle was most revolutionary? • a. Living in larger communities and permanent settlements • b. The work regime required in an agricultural lifestyle • c. The explosion in technological innovation • d. The emergence of a more defined social structure

33. Discussion: Taken as a whole, do you think the Agricultural Revolution was a good thing? • a. The Agricultural Revolution represented progress. • b. The Agricultural Revolution did not represent progress.