Chapter 1 Slides

1. First Exposure 2012 Chapter 1 Slides Introduction to Computer Science PowerPoint Presentation created by: Mr. John L. M. Schram and Mr. Leon Schram Authors of First Exposure

2. Section 1.1 Learning the Exposure Way

3. The “Nothing is Obvious Story” Imagine a young boy in the Amazon jungles. This boy has always lived in the jungle without any modern conveniences. He has never been in a city; he has never seen a television nor seen a book. Now imagine that for some unknown reason this young boy travels to Colorado in the Winter time. The little boy stands in a yard somewhere and watches the snow with bewilderment. He is astonished; he does not understand what is falling from the sky. Another little boy, about the same age, from Colorado, looks at the boy's behavior. The Colorado boy is confused, why is the boy acting so odd? Obviously it is snowing, so what is the big deal?

4. Corn Flakes & Iced Tea Most Americans consider it "obvious" that cold milk is poured on corn flakes. However, in Europe, everybody knows you put warm milk on your cereal. Most Europeans consider it "obvious" that Tea is to be served warm, preferably hot. They are completely baffled when Texans actually put ICE in their Tea.

5. Section 1.2 The Exposure Equation

6. The Exposure Equation Bewilderment + Exposure = Obvious

7. Exposure in Extracurricular Activities • Drill team performance • Half-time band show • Football Team blocking • Basketball free throws • Baseball batting

8. The Curious Exposure Discrepancy Students recognize that only continuous practice will result in a good showing at a brief performance or brief competition Many of the same students barely read or practice a topic once for an academic subject. It appears that preparation for a known, short performance requires practice, but preparation for life receives only minimal effort from many students.

9. Section 1.3 Computer Fundamentals

10. Computer Fundamentals Getting started with computer science is none too easy. The course that you are taking assumes that this is your first formal computer science course. Furthermore, it is also assumed that you have no knowledge of programming. If you do know some programming, fine, but it is not any kind of a prerequisite. This means that we should start at

11. Section 1.4 A Brief Computer History?

12. The Abacus3000 B.C. The Abacus was originally invented in the Middle Eastern area. This rather amazing computing device is still very much used in many Asian countries today.

13. Numerical Calculating Machine 1642 Blaise Pascal built the first numerical calculating machine. This device works similar to the old car odometers and could perform addition and subtraction.

14. Analytical Engine1833 Charles Babbage invented a machine that can read instructions from a sequence of punched cards. This became the first general purpose computing machine. “The Father of Computers”

15. Programming1842 Countess Ada Lovelace was Charles Babbage’s assistant. She designed programs that work for Babbage's analytical machine. Some concepts in today’s modern languages are based her ideas. Today a programming language is named after Ada. “The Mother of Programming”

16. Tabulating Machine1884 Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine that records statistics for the U.S. Bureau of census. Hollerith started a tabulating company, which after various name changes eventually became International Business Machines (IBM).

17. Colossus1941-1944 This computer is developed in England in various stages and helps to decrypt the secret code message of German communication during Word War II.

18. Mark I1944 This relay-based computer was developed by Harvard University and IBM. Grace Hopper, then a Navy Lieutenant, becomes the first programmer of the Mark I.

19. ENIAC1946 The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) is the first functionally useful fully-electronic computer. The computer is two stories tall, weighs 80 tons, contains 19,000 vacuum tubes, and is programmed by walking inside the computer. The cost: $10,000,000

20. Mark II1947 A technician found and removed moth from one of its relays. This was the first computer bug. The actual moth is currently on display at the San Diego Computer Museum.

21. UNIVAC I 1951 The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer) was the world’s first commercially available computer. The computer became famous when it correctly predicted the results of the 1952 presidential election.

22. FORTRAN 1954 The first successful programming language. FORTRAN stands for FORmula TRANslation Designed for engineers and mathematicians. It could not handle the record processing required for the business world.

23. Integrated Circuit 1958 Jack Kilby, of Texas Instruments, at Richardson, Texas invented the planar transistor, which allows creation of integrated circuits and later micro chips. This invention is a turning point between the monstrously huge and expensive computers of the past, and the much smaller and cheaper modern computers of today.

24. COBOL 1959 Created (largely by Grace Hopper) for the business community and the armed forces. COBOL stands for COmmon Business Oriented Language. COBOL became extremely successful when the Department of Defense adopted COBOL as its official programming language.

25. Video Games 1958/1962 The first video game was called Tennis for Two. It was created by William Higinbotham and played on a Brookhaven National Laboratory oscilloscope. Since this game did not use an actual computer monitor, some give credit for the first video game to SpaceWar! written by Stephen Russell at MIT in 1962.

26. IBM 360 1964 IBM sells the first series of compatible computers. This means that a program created on one computer can be transported and used on another, compatible computer.

27. BASIC 1964 BASIC stands for Beginner All-purpose Symbolic Instructional Code Was designed for beginning college students. BASIC became the first popular program language for personal computers in the 1970s. BASIC required little memory, and it was the only language that could initially be handled by the first micro computers.

28. Pascal 1969 Pascal was named after Blaise Pascal (the same guy who created Pascal’s Triangle). In the late seventies, early eighties, Pascal took a strong hold in the educational community. Pascal was developed by Niklaus Wirth, specifically for the purpose of teaching proper computer science programming techniques. For many years Pascal was the official language for the AP Computer Science Examination.

29. C 1972 The UNIX operating system was developed at the Bell laboratories and was written in several languages including BCPL or just plain B. A later version of the language was called C.

30. Apple II1977 The Apple Computer Company was created and introduced the Apple II personal Computer. It became the first commercially successful personal computer.

31. IBM PC 1981 IBM's entry into the personal computer market gave the personal computer a serious image as a true business computer and not some sophisticated electronic game playing machine.

32. MS-DOS 1981 Microsoft, an unknown little company run by Bill Gates, agreed to create the operating system for the IBM Personal Computer and became a company larger than IBM.

33. Compaq Portable 1982 The Compaq Portable is known for two things. It was the first portable computer. By today’s standards it was nothing like a modern laptop. The 28 pound computer was the size of a small suitcase. Compaq was also the first computer to be 100% compatible with an IBM PC.

34. C++ 1983 A new era with a powerful programming technique was born called Object Oriented Programming (OOP). Bjarne Stroustrup combined the popularity of the existing C language with the demands for OOP and developed C++.

35. The Macintosh 1984 The "Mac" was the first commercially successful computer with the mouse/windows technology. The mouse technology was already developed earlier by Xerox Corporation.

36. Windows 95 1995 Microsoft introduces Windows 95, which uses an operating system similar to the Macintosh computer.

37. Java 1995 Released in 1995 by Sun Microsystems. Java is a Platform IndependentLanguage. Platform Independent means that the language does not cause problems as programs are transported between different hardware and software platforms. Unlike C++, Java required you to use OOP which caused many universities to adopt it. This caused Java to be the official language for the APCS Exam starting in the 2003-2004 school year. In 2009 Oracle purchased Sun Microsystems. Java has continued to improve in the same manner as when Sun Microsystems owned the company.

38. Lego Mindstorms NXT A new kind of programming has come about that is very high-level. In this style of programming, the programmers can click on different blocks. Each block performs a different task. By creating a sequence of these blocks, you can program a computer. In 1998, the Lego Corporation created their first point-and-click language for use with their Lego Mindstorms robots. In 2006, they released their next language, and decided to call it NXT. In 2009, NXT 2.1 was released.

39. What We Use During this school year, we will use a combination of Java and NXT 2.1.

40. Section 1.5 How Do Computers Work?

41. Three Areas Where Computers Beat People • Computers are faster. • Computers are more accurate. • Computers do not forget.

42. Section 1.6 Messages with Morse Code

43. First Five LettersIn Morse code

44. Section 1.7 Electronic Memory

45. Electronic Memory

46. 0-31 in Bases 10 & 2

47. Three Combinations of 8 Light Bulbs 01000001 (base-2) = 65 (base-10) or char A 01000010 (base-2) = 66 (base-10) or char B 01000011 (base-2) = 67 (base-10) or char C

48. Bits, Bytes & Codes • Bit is a Binary digit that is either 0 (off) or 1 (on). • 1 Byte = 8 bits. • 1 Byte has 256 different numerical combinations. • 2 Bytes has 65,536 different numerical combinations. • ASCII uses one byte to store one character. • Unicode uses two bytes to store one character.

49. Section 1.8 Memory and Secondary Storage

50. Motherboard & Computers Chips motherboard The main board with all the primary computer components. Has several computer chips attached: Read Only Memory (ROM) This chip stores permanent information for the computer. Random Access Memory (RAM) This chip stores temporary information for the computer. Central Processing Unit (CPU) This chip is the “brains” of the computer.