Advanced C1 – C2

1. Advanced C1 – C2 Joining Grammar Forces

2. Unit 10 – Presentation 1 • What are the ‘Moods’ of a verb in Grammar? A verb’s ‘mood’ is like a person’s. In short, a ‘mood’ is a form of the verb that shows how the speaker/ writer feels about what s/he says/ writes. • How many moods survive in English? 3: the Indicative, the Imperative & the Subjunctive

3. How is the Indicative formed/ used? It’s the normal form of the verb tenses and it’s used to state facts. e.g. He took over as the department’s head six months ago. She’s graduating at the end of May.

4. How is the Imperative used? It’s used to give orders, commands, instructions, warnings & advice, or to make requests.

5. Imperative formation • Positive: Bare Infinitive (+ accusative pronoun/ object) • Negative:Do not (don’t) + bare infinitive (for all verbs, including ‘be’) • Other Persons – Positive: Let + accusative pronoun/ object + bare infinitive • Other Persons – Negative: Do not (Don’t) + let + acc. pron./ object + bare infinitive • With prompting JUST & Emphasis (Emphatic Imperative: with ‘do’ in positive [See Un. 11])

6. How is the Subjunctive used & where is it often found? It’s used for non-fact. It’s often found in conditions, preferences, wishes, desires, demands, suggestions, regrets and decisions, while it can also express surprise, agreement, insistence and intention.

7. How is the Subjunctive formed? In many different ways in English, namely with the Infinitive & the Gerund (See Un. 8), the Modal Verbs (the word ‘modal’ is an adjective derived from ‘mood’) (See Un. 9 & 3.D here) and the ‘Unreal’ use of certain tenses, which we will analyse here.

8. Subjunctive (Unreal) TensesPresentation 2

9. 3.A) a) SIMPLE PAST FORM for PRESENT/ FUTURE e.g. I wish I knew what to say (but I don’t! → reference to present time but unreal) b) PAST CONTINUOUS FORM for PRESENT/ FUTURE e.g. If you were talking to him instead of me right now, you’d be able to register his reactions (but you are not! → reference to present time in progress but unreal)

10. 3.A) c) SIMPLE PAST PERFECT FORM for NEAR PAST e.g. I wish I had found out about this scam sooner (but I didn’t! → reference to past time but unreal) d) PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS FORM for NEAR PAST e.g. I wish I had been studying harder while still at school (but I wasn’t! → reference to unreal past time, in progress for a certain amount of time)

11. 3.A) e) CONDITIONAL FUTURE (would + infinitive forms) for HYPOTHETICAL PAST/ PRESENT/ FUTURE (depending on infinitive form used and/ or time markers) e.g. You would know about it if Mark was in town already (but you don’t, so he probably isn’t! → reference to hypothetical present time)

12. Notes on the Subjunctive 1) The unreal past of the verb ‘be’ can be ‘were’ for all persons e.g.” I wish he were here with us.” – “ If I were you, I’d talk to him about it.” 2) The conditional future – as the indicative future – can be formed with other modal verbs besides ‘would’ (i.e. could OR might) e.g. “She might/ could have been arrested if she had been seen lurking there.”

13. 3.B) SUBJUNCTIVE (UNREAL) TENSE USES AA) IN CONDITIONALS (See Un. 6) BB) IN WISHES CC) IN MANNER CLAUSES (with as if/ though for non-fact) (See Un. 6) DD) WITH would rather IN CHANGE-OF-PERSON CONSTRUCTIONS (See also Un. 8–Bare Infinitive) EE) IN THE PHRASE: It’s (high/ about) time (UNREAL PAST TENSES ONLY!)

14. 3.C) STANDARD-CONSTRUCTIONS FORM ANALYSIS AA) CONDITIONALS • Introduced by: if, unless, provided/-ing (that), so long as, on condition (that), in case (that), suppose/-ing (that) • 4 Basic Forms: I) Zero Condition: If + present present II) Type 1: If + present future III) Type 2: If + past conditional future IV) Type 3: If + past perfect would + perfect infinitive

15. 3.C) STANDARD-CONSTRUCTIONS FORM ANALYSIS AA) CONDITIONALS – VARIATIONS OF THE 4 FORMS a) Type 1 Extension: Any combination of tenses as long as they are used with their indicative-fact capacity. RESTRICTIONS: No future tenses in the ‘if’ clause & no conditional future in the main clause. NB. This variation can be extended to zero condition as well.

16. 3.C) STANDARD-CONSTRUCTIONS FORM ANALYSIS AA) CONDITIONALS – VARIATIONS OF THE 4 FORMS b) Mixed Types 2 & 3: • 2nd-type ‘if’ clause + 3rd-type main clause = if sth were(n’t) generally true [which is(n’t)], it would(n’t) have had a certain result in the past • 3rd-type ‘if’ clause + 2nd-type main clause = if sth had(n’t) been true in the past [which was(n’t)], it would(n’t) have a certain result now, i.e.

17. 3.C) STANDARD-CONSTRUCTIONS FORM ANALYSIS AA) CONDITIONALS – VARIATIONS OF THE 4 FORMS b) Mixed Types 2 & 3: e.g. NORMAL TYPE 2: If I had the money, I wouldn’t beg. NORMAL TYPE 3: If I had won that lottery, I would have bought that flashy sports car.

18. 3.C) STANDARD-CONSTRUCTIONS FORM ANALYSIS AA) CONDITIONALS–SPECIAL CASES-EMPHATIC FORMS c) i) With ‘should’ for Type 1 – Emphasis: Inversion ii) With ‘were/ were to’ for Type 2 - Emphasis: Inversion iii) Emphatic Inversion only for Type 3 iv) With ‘but for’ in place of the 2nd or 3rd type if-clause

19. Notes on Conditionals 1) If, provided/-ing (that), so long as & on condition (that) have the same structure. Unless is their opposite, while suppose/ -ing (that) mainly has a distinctive interrogative main clause. The conditional link in case (that) may have the same constructions as the purpose link (See Un. 6 – Adverb Clauses, case 7) but different meanings. 2) We only use if in the basic forms to save space.

20. 3.C) STANDARD-CONSTRUCTIONS FORM ANALYSIS BB) WISHES • Introduced by: I/ you… wish OR If only sb… & expressing the desire for things to be different. • 3 Basic Forms: - Wish + Unreal Past (present) - Wish + Unreal Past Perfect (past) - Wish + would/ could + infinitive (future)

21. Notes on Wishes 1) would is not used with I & we. Only could. 2) The wish + would (not) form can also be used to express displeasure, complaint or annoyance. 3) Could + inf. may not always be referring to a future wish. It might be used as the past tense of can for ability (See Un. 9). In this case, it corresponds to wish + past  present reference OR, if found in the form could + perfect inf., to wish + perfect past reference.

22. 3.C) STANDARD-CONSTRUCTIONS FORM ANALYSIS CC) MANNER CLAUSES • Introduced by: as if, as though (but are here used for non-fact). • 2 Basic Forms: -sb sounds/ looks/ acts/ … as if OR as though sb + past tenses unreal statement about the present/ future - sb sounds/ looks/ acts/ … as if OR as though sb + past perfect tenses unreal statement about the past

23. 3.C) STANDARD-CONSTRUCTIONS FORM ANALYSIS DD) DEFECTIVE STRUCTURES ‘WOULD RATHER’/ ‘HAD BETTER’

24. 3.C) STANDARD-CONSTRUCTIONS FORM ANALYSIS EE) PHRASE: ‘IT’S TIME’ 1 Basic Form: It’s time + sb + (unreal) past tenses  present/ future • This construction is only possible with the unreal past tenses, NOT the unreal past perfect ones, even when the phrase was said in the past. • Its emphatic alternatives: it’s high time/ it’s about time are mostly spoken and informal and show impatience, irritation or relief.

25. 3.D)THE SUBJUNCTIVE USE OF ‘SHOULD’ • We know that ‘should’ can commonly be used in formal ‘that’-clauses to replace an infinitive or gerund, in both change-of-person and same-person constructions. • FORM: Verb/Expression of demand/ opinion/ suggestion/ etc + (that) + sb + (should) + inf.