Rhetorical Devices

1. Rhetorical Devices • Learning Target • Understand (and be able to identify) ethos, pathos, and logos as devices of rhetoric which work to increase the effectiveness of communication

2. THE BASICS: Follow Along in your Notes • An appeal is a request or plea • Good persuasive writing often uses several different types of appeals, most often ethos, logos, and pathos • Rhetoric = the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing • Therefore, rhetorical devices are the ways in which you persuade (appeals such as ethos, logos, and pathos) • While writing, you must also think about who your audience is • How can you appeal to your audience using ethos, pathos, and logos? We’ll learn how!!!!

3. Pathos (Emotion)… • Persuading by appealing to the reader's emotions, sympathies, and imagination • Causes an audience not just to respond emotionally but to identify with the writer's point of view--to feel what the writer feels • 'to suffer'--to feel pain imaginatively.... • Can appeal to both positive (happiness) and negative (anger) emotions… whatever will motivate people to act/think a certain way!

4. How to use Pathos… • Can be done through narrative or story (drawing from personal experiences when appropriate) • Good to use sensory details and vivid language • Consider the wants, needs, and values that the majority of people share (safety, wellness, personal freedom, etc.) – Think about how you can use these

5. Example • “…some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells. And some of you have come from areas where your quest -- quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality. You have been the veterans of creative suffering…. Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed.” – “I Have a Dream” by Martin Luther King Jr. (August 28th, 1963) • To which emotions does Dr. King appeal?

6. More Examples • How is pathos used in this commercial on animal cruelty? Make a list of the emotions you feel as you watch and what it makes you want to do. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9gspElv1yvc • How is pathos used in this commercial for the Ministry of Education? Make a list of what emotions the ad is trying to get at. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RlHyzS48RxI

7. Logos (Logic) • Persuading by the use of clear reasoning • You are supporting your position with reasons that appeal to your readers’ logic, their common sense • Involves facts, statistics, and other supporting evidence • Presenting proof of what you are saying

8. How to use Logos… • Give definitions and clear explanations • Cite reputable sources (experts in the field!) • Giving detailed examples • Reasoning in a way that is understandable (can be followed by your audience) • That “textual evidence” stuff we’ve been having you do… That’s Logos! 

9. Example • …You want your parent(s) to order pizza for dinner… How do you convince them? Logos!... • Pizza tastes delicious and allows freedom of choice (different toppings) • The local pizza place is family-owned and run, and we should really support our local economy. • We haven’t had pizza in a really long time. • We have a coupon for a free pizza, and it’s going to expire next week, so week should use it now! • Pizza is healthy because it contains ingredients from various food groups (wheat, proteins, etc.)

10. Another Example • How do many car commercials use Logos to convince viewers to buy? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RiA-u4pzGf0 • http://www.youtube.com/user/scion?v=gD-oDXcSodg

11. In Your Writer’s Notebook… • Write down at least 2 things you learned about Patrick Henry (or the time period) OR • Write down at least 2 questions you have about Patrick Henry (or the late 1700s in general)

12. Ethos (Ethical Appeal/Credibility) • Means convincing the audience of the writer or speaker’s credibility (their reputation, knowledge, or expertise in the field) • Making yourself someone who is likable and worthy of respect… (Because we tend to believe people whom we respect)

13. How to use Ethos… • Listing your qualifications/credentials (schooling, degree(s)) – Let them know your authority and experience! • Showing that you have close association with the topic… Maybe you have had some personal experiences or have been directly affected by the issue at hand

14. How to use Ethos… **Example: You are arguing against smoking in public places, and you give scenarios about times you have been enjoying dinner with your family and have been plagued by second-hand smoke. Why would you include ETHOS in your writing?? Because it gives substance to what you are saying! It makes you more believable, which increases your chances of being able to persuade your audience (Which is the goal!)

15. Also Consider… • Trustworthiness (Do you give your audience reason to trust in you and believe what you say?) • Similarity (Do you give your audience a way to identify with you?) • Reassure readers/listeners that you have strong character and you know what you’re talking about!

16. An Example • “As commander in chief of the Army and Navy, I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense. But always will our whole nation remember the character of the onslaught against us.” (from Pres. Roosevelt’s Pearl Harbor Address)

17. While You Are Writing • Don’t mistake ethos for logos • Even if you provide evidence to support your claims and maybe give quotes from doctors or lawyers or other professionals… • Don’t think that makes YOU credible! • Unless you studied with the doctor or lawyer, you were an apprentice or student, you participated in the research… This is not ethos! • You need to show readers what you know

18. Audience: Parents • Ethos: recognizable name brand; anticipate audience’s worries about germs • Logos: germs make kids sick; disinfectants kill germs; kids share germs with each other • Pathos: the little girls look cute and sweet, no one would want them to get sick; parents will do or buy anything to protect their children

19. Audience: young adults ages 18+ • Ethos: it is asking for help from the audience; using a “universal” star appeals to a wider ethnic audience • Logos: how we vote now affects our future; we may not be around in the future, but our children will be • Pathos: people want to give their children the best; having the flag in color promotes patriotic feelings; her face looks like she’s pleading with the audience

20. Questions????