THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

1. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

2. Terms

3. Compare and Contrast the Functions of the Nervous System and the Endocrine System Maintain Homeostasis

4. Nervous System Endocrine System Chemicals – Hormones Assists Nervous System in exerting control over the entire body Slower action • Chemicals – Neurotransmitters • Assists Endocrine System in exerting control over the entire body • Quick almost instantaneous action

5. Organization of the Nervous System-Anatomical Divisions Central nervous system – CNS Peripheral nervous system – PNS

6. Divisions of Peripheral Nervous System Motor/Efferent Sensory/Afferent

7. Organization of the Nervous System – Physiological Divisions Somatic nervous system – subdivision of the PNS that controls voluntary actions of the skeletal muscles

8. Physiological divisions – part 2 Autonomic nervous system – subdivision of the PNS that regulates the activity of the heart, smooth muscles and glands (involuntary)

9. Divisions of autonomic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system – “FIGHT OR FLIGHT” reactions Parasympathetic nervous system – “Normal” at rest reactions

10. Brain and spinal cord Sensory nerves Carry info from CNS to skeletal muscles Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions CNS Afferent Somatic/Efferent Autonomic Nervous System Structures and organization of Nervous System

11. Nerves that carry impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands; involuntary Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, sensory receptors “Brain of the gut” Autonomic nervous system Peripheral nervous system Enteric nervous system

12. FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM • Monitors all information about changes in the internal and external environment • Processes and interprets information received and integrates it to make decisions • Commands responses by activating muscles, glands, and other parts of the Nervous System

13. Neurons – nerve cells transmit nerve impulses Neuroglia – protect and nourish neurons (support cells) Bind nervous tissue to bl v, form myelin, phagocytosis Small in size, abundant Form gliomas Compare and Contrast

16. Axon – Cell body – Dendrite – Text pg 408 Nervous tissue structure

17. A – CB B – MY C – D D – A E – Mt

18. PNS Schwann cells wrap around axon CNS Oligodendrocytes wrap around axon Laying down Myelin

19. Myelin Insulates the axon Sheath which wraps around axon Nodes of Ranvier Causes speed of nerve impulses Action potentials Gaps in myelin sheath

20. White matter Myelinated axons Outside layer of spinal cord Gray matter Cell bodies (not myelinated) Inner “butterfly” of spinal cord Key terms related to Nervous System

21. Schwann cells required Regeneration occurs more readily in PNS, but not in CNS Regeneration of Nervous tissue

22. Action Potential

23. Link to animation for Action Potential • http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animations/actionpotential.swf

24. Figure L G 9.3 • A – B • B – A • C – E • D – C • E – E • F – D

25. Synaptic Transmissions

26. Link to animation Synaptic Transmission • http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animations/synaptic.swf

27. Major Nervous System Disorders – Society for Neuroscience 2005

28. Disorders continued

29. Disorders continued

30. Depression disorders • At least 20 million American adults suffer from depression, and it is on the rise — especially among the elderly. Depression can come from chemical imbalances in the brain, hormonal changes, medications, or things going on in your life. It is not a passing blue mood that can be wished away.

31. Alzheimer’s disease • Dementia is a brain disorder that seriously affects a person's ability to carry out daily activities. • Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia among older people. It involves the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language • Causes are unknown • No cure.

32. Stroke (CVA) • A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is suddenly interrupted or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts, spilling blood into the spaces surrounding brain cells • Brain cells die • No longer receive oxygen and nutrients from the blood.

33. Epilepsy Epilepsy is a disorder of the brain. In people with epilepsy, brain cells create abnormal electricity that causes seizures. A seizure may cause "jerking" movements. In some cases, seizures cause only a loss of consciousness, a period of confusion, a staring spell or muscle spasms.

34. Huntington’s Disease • Huntington's disease (Huntington's chorea) is a progressive, degenerative disease that causes certain nerve cells in the brain to waste away. As a result, a person may experience uncontrolled movements, emotional disturbances and mental deterioration.

35. Schizophrenia • Schizophrenia is a serious disorder which affects how a person thinks, feels and acts. Someone with schizophrenia may have difficulty distinguishing between what is real and what is imaginary; may beunresponsive or withdrawn; and may have difficulty expressing normal emotions in social situations.

36. Parkinson’s Disease • Parkinson's disease is a disorder that affects nerve cells in the part of the brain controlling muscle movement. • People with Parkinson's disease often experience trembling, muscle rigidity, difficulty walking, problems with balance and slowed movements

37. Multiple Sclerosis • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, potentially debilitating disease that affects your central nervous system, which is made up of your brain and spinal cord. Multiple sclerosis is widely believed to be an autoimmune disease, a condition in which your immune system attacks components of your body as if they're foreign. • In multiple sclerosis, the body mistakenly directs antibodies and white blood cells against proteins in the myelin sheath, a fatty substance that insulates nerve fibers in your brain and spinal cord.