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Religious vs Secular Values: United States' Changing Relationship with the Muslim World

This text explores the historical events that have shaped the United States' relationship with the Muslim world, focusing on the clash of religious and secular values. It highlights key moments such as the Iranian Revolution, the Iran-Iraq War, the rise of Hezbollah and Hamas, and the nuclear deal with Iran. The text also discusses the impact of the Soviet's War in Afghanistan and the terrorist attacks on the US, including 9/11.

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Religious vs Secular Values: United States' Changing Relationship with the Muslim World

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  1. #4 - AIM: What changed the United States’ relationship with the Muslim world?

  2. Religious vs Secular Values Clash in Iran • 1950s US restores Shah to power because we fear Soviet involvement • Shah Pahlavi embraces Western governments and western control of Iranian oil companies • Cultural Clash – Modern West vs traditional Islam

  3. Shah appoints Premier Mossaddeq - Nationalist • Opposition to the Shah himself was based on his autocratic rule. 1. corruption in his government 2. the unequal distribution of oil wealth 3. forced westernization 4. the activities of Savak (the secret police) in suppressing dissent and opposition to his rule.

  4. Iranian Revolution • Ayatollah Khomeini: Iranian conservative Muslim leader - lives in exile in Paris • 1978 - Khomeini sparks riots in Iran • Shah flees to Egypt in January 1979 • Islamic Republic established 4/1/79 • Khomeini became Supreme Leader in Dec. • Anti-Western; Anti-American • Called the US “The Great Satan”

  5. October - 1979 • Shah seeks medical treatment in US for cancer • Two weeks later, Iranian Revolutionaries hold American hostages in Tehran – 444 days

  6. US Hostage Crisis • Hostages were released hours after Ronald Reagan was inaugurated • Muslim radicals take control in Iran - increasing tensions with Iraq • Iran & Iraq fight 8-year war

  7. Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988 • Saddam Hussein (Iraqi) takes advantage of chaos in Iran • Iranian army poorly supplied – went into battle with pictures of the Ayatollah & a Koran • Iraqi forces well supplied – US provided intelligence and arms • Estimated 1 million dead

  8. IRAN-IRAQ WAR • Khomeini accepted UN cease-fire resolution • He dies 11 months later – Islamic Republic still alive • Iran provides training, weapons and money to insurgent groups in Iraq, Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas in the Palestinian territories • Iran now focused on development of enriched uranium – can lead to nuclear weapons.

  9. Iran Supports Terrorist Organizations • 1982 - Hezbollah started in Lebanon, followed ideals of Iranian Revolution • Goal - establishment of an Islamic government “liberate” Jerusalem the present-day State of Israel. • Hezbollah also receives financial aid, training, weapons, and explosives from Iran • US designated Hezbollah as a terrorist organization in 1997 • Trained Al’qada terrorists

  10. 1983 – Truck Bombing of USMC Barracks in Beirut • 241 Servicemen killed • Deadliest single-day death toll for the USMC since the Battle of Iwo Jima (2,500 in one day) of World War II

  11. Hamas In Palestine - 1987 • Founded in 1987, an off shoot of Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood • Aims to liberate Palestine from the Israeli occupation by resisting it. • Has a social service wing, Dawah • Military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-QassamBrigades • since 2007, has been the governing authority of the Gaza Strip.

  12. Hamas • Has gained more influence in the Palestinian Authority • Holocaust Denial – “an alleged and invented story with no basis” • Israel still continues to defend itself against the terrorist activities of Hamas

  13. Iran’s Nuclear Deal • Iran focused on development of enriched uranium – can lead to nuclear weapons.

  14. Soviet’s War in Afghanistan (1979-89) • Dec. 1979 - Soviets invade Afghanistan • Some nations boycott the Moscow Olympics of 1980 • Muslims come to defend Afghanistan; Holy War- Soviet Infidels • Muslim Rebels (Mujahedeen) fight guerilla war against Soviets with U.S. weapons • 1989 - Soviets withdraw after 40,000 Soviets killed, 1Million Afghans • Holy Warriors defeat a Superpower

  15. Post Soviet-Held Afghanistan • Taliban (Radical Islamists) creates a theocracy in Afghanistan • Becomes a Base for Al Qaeda who plan a campaign of violence against the secular West.

  16. Osama bin Laden • Organizes terror organization – Al Qaeda • Attacks Americans and American interests around the World • September 11, 2001 • October 2001 – US invades Afghanistan, toppling Taliban government

  17. Terrorist Attacks • June, 1996 – Khobar Towers – US Air Force housing complex in Saudi Arabia – 19 dead, 400 wounded. The official June 25, 1996 statement by the US named members of Hezbollah(English: Party of God) as responsible. In 2006, a U.S. court found Iran and Hezbollah guilty of orchestrating the attack. • February 26, 1993 – Truck bomb exploded in the basement of one of the World Trade Towers. Killed 6, wounded more than 1,000. Six terrorists with ties to Al Qaeda were captured and convicted. • Ramzi Yousef’’s (the mastermind) uncle is Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, is a senior al-Qaeda member accused of being the principal architect of the September 11 attacks in 2001. 

  18. Khobar Towers, June 1996 Saudi Arabia

  19. Targeted in 1993 Brought down in 2001

  20. 1993 Twin Towers Attack

  21. Ramzi bin Yousef WTC Bomber 1993Remembering 9/11Intro

  22. Terror Attacks • August 7, 1998 – Bombing of US Embassies in Nairobi, Kenya and Dar esSalaam in Tanzania, 291 killed over 5,000 wounded • October 12, 2000 - Destroyer USS Cole while refueling in Port of Aden, Yemen. • Seventeen killed, 39 wounded • Al Qaeda takes responsibility for bombing

  23. Attack on USS Cole

  24. USS Cole Attacked off of Yemen

  25. US Embassy Kenya 8/7/98

  26. US Embassy in Kenya

  27. September 11, 2001 s, June 1996 Saudi Arabia • 19 terrorist hijacked 4 planes. • 2 struck the World Trade Center • 1 struck the Pentagon • 1 was downed by passengers in Pennsylvania • 2975 were killed that day Remembering 9/10 – Ground Zero

  28. 9/11 Hijackers

  29. Ground Zero burned for 100 days

  30. Firefighters raise the flag

  31. Osama bin Laden • May 11, 2011 –bin Laden killed in Islamabad, Pakistan • Operation “Neptune Spear” carried out by Navy Seal Team Six • bin Laden was killed, his body was taken to Afghanistan for identification and buried at sea • The attack was supported by NATO, the UN and European Union

  32. SECTION 4 Confrontations in the Middle East Religious and Secular Values Clash in Iran • Shah Reza Pahlavi embraces Western governments, oil companies • Iranian nationalists overthrow shah, seize British oil company • U.S. restores shah to power, fearing Soviet encroachment The United States Supports Secular Rule • Shah Reza Pahlavi westernizes Iran with U.S. support • Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini—Iranian Muslim leader; lives in exile • In 1978, Khomeini sparks riots in Iran; shah flees Continued . . . NEXT

  33. SECTION 4 continued Confrontations in the Middle East Khomeini’s Anti-U.S. Policies • Islamic revolutionaries hold American hostages in Tehran (1979–1980) • Muslim radicals take control in Iran, increasing tensions with Iraq • Iran, Iraq fight 8-year war; U.S. aids both sides, Soviets help Iraq Image The Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistan • Soviets invade Afghanistan, help Communist government against rebels • Muslim rebels fight guerilla war against Soviets with U.S. weapons • U.S. stops grain shipments to Soviet Union; Soviets withdraw (1989) NEXT

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