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Hydroelectric

Hydroelectric. Mona Zebarjadi, EE80j: Summer 2009. World Consumption. Million tones oil equivalent . Coal. Hydroelectricity. Nuclear energy. Natural Gas. Oil. BP Statistical review, 2009. 2007. World Capacity and output. Hydroelectric Energy Potential. Globally

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Hydroelectric

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  1. Hydroelectric Mona Zebarjadi, EE80j: Summer 2009

  2. World Consumption Million tones oil equivalent Coal Hydroelectricity Nuclear energy Natural Gas Oil BP Statistical review, 2009

  3. 2007

  4. World Capacity and output

  5. Hydroelectric Energy Potential Globally • Gross theoretical potential 4.6 TW • Technically feasible potential 1.5 TW • Economically feasible potential 0.9 TW • Installed capacity in 1997 0.6 TW • Production in 1997 0.3 TW (can get to 80% capacity in some cases) Source: WEA 2000 Nate Lewis, Caltech

  6. Site types • Site types • Low (effective head <10m) • High (effective head>100m) • Small-Scale Hydro (micro-, mini, pico) • Capacity <30MW US, capacity <5MW UK

  7. Turbine types • Reaction turbines: are acted on by water, which changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its energy. • Francis • Kaplan, Propeller, Bulb, Tube, Straflo • Tyson • Water Wheel • Archimedean screw turbine • Impulse turbines: change the velocity of a water jet. The jet impinges on the turbine's curved blades which change the direction of the flow. The resulting change in momentum causes a force on the turbine blades. • Pelton • Turgo • Michell-Banki (also known as the Crossflow or Ossberger turbine)

  8. Francis (radial- flow) • Most common

  9. Propeller (Axial-flow) Kaplan

  10. Impulse turbines • Great for high heads • Low specific speed • Pelton, Turgo, Cross-flow

  11. Ranges of application

  12. Hydro Power • Advantages: • No pollution (Co2 or So2 No2) • flood control, • Very high efficiency (80%); • little waste heat; • low cost per KWh; • Can adjust KWh output to peak loads; http://zebu.uoregon.edu/2001/ph162/l1.html

  13. Disadvantages: • Fish are endangered species; • Produce methane, • Sediment buildup and dam failure (250,000 killed China, 1975); • changes watershed characteristics; alters hydrological cycle (affects the agriculture) , • Social effect

  14. Economy • Expected life time: 25-50 years for machinery and 50-100 years for external structure • Capital cost: depends strongly on the site • some examples : Three Gorges, China 1993, 1200$/kW • Itaipu: 1984-91, 1600$/kW • Maintenance cost : additional 1 to 2% • Largest plant and highest heads tend to have lowest unit cost

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