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Karsten M. Heeger University of Wisconsin

Neutrino Experiments Fundamental Symmetries and Neutrinos: In Search of the New Standard Model. excluding absolute neutrino mass and 0νββ experiments. Karsten M. Heeger University of Wisconsin. NSAC, September 7, 2012. 1. solar neutrino problem. Ga. Cl. SK.

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Karsten M. Heeger University of Wisconsin

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  1. Neutrino Experiments Fundamental Symmetries and Neutrinos: In Search of the New Standard Model excluding absolute neutrino mass and 0νββ experiments Karsten M. Heeger University of Wisconsin NSAC, September 7, 2012 1

  2. solar neutrino problem Ga Cl SK Towards Precision Neutrino Physics oscillation searches precision measurements SNO, KamLAND 2010 Daya Bay, DC, RENO 2012 2000 - Present 1990-2000 1960-1990 Neutrino mass and mixing first physics beyond the SM → precision studies

  3. atmospheric νμ and νμ disappear most likely to ντ(SK, MINOS) • accelerator νμ and νμ disappear at L~250, 700 km (K2K, T2K, MINOS) • some accelerator νμ appear as νμ at L~250, 700 km (T2K, MINOS) • solar νe convert to νμ/ντ(Cl, Ga, SK, SNO, Borexino) • reactor νe disappear at L~200 km (KamLAND) • reactor νe disappear at L~1 km (DC, Daya Bay RENO) Neutrino Oscillation Measurements Recent Observations KamLAND 2010 SK MINOS Experiments have demonstrated vacuum oscillation L/E pattern

  4. atmospheric νμ and νμ disappear most likely to ντ(SK, MINOS) • accelerator νμ and νμ disappear at L~250, 700 km (K2K, T2K, MINOS) • some accelerator νμ appear as νμ at L~250, 700 km (T2K, MINOS) • solar νe convert to νμ/ντ(Cl, Ga, SK, SNO, Borexino) • reactor νe disappear at L~200 km (KamLAND) • reactor νe disappear at L~1 km (DC, Daya Bay RENO) Neutrino Oscillation Measurements Recent Observations Borexino, SNO low-energy (LETA) solar ν Vacuum to matter transition (MSW conversion) in Sun has been observed

  5. atmospheric νμ and νμ disappear most likely to ντ(SK, MINOS) • accelerator νμ and νμ disappear at L~250, 700 km (K2K, T2K, MINOS) • some accelerator νμ appear as νμ at L~250, 700 km (T2K, MINOS) • solar νe convert to νμ/ντ(Cl, Ga, SK, SNO, Borexino) • reactor νe disappear at L~200 km (KamLAND) • reactor νe disappear at L~1 km (DC, Daya Bay RENO) NP HEP Neutrino Oscillation Measurements Recent Observations Dominant Important Gonzalez-Garcia et al, ICHEP2012 complete suite of measurements can over-constrain the 3-ν framework NP neutrino experiments address unique set of questions and scientific goals US nuclear physicists have also played leading roles in HEP-funded experiments, such as reactor θ13

  6. Measurement of Fundamental Parameters Mass Splittings KamLAND 2010 MINOS Nu2012 normal inverted • KamLAND improves the definition of tan2θ when combined with solar data (assumption of CPT invariance)

  7. Measurement of Fundamental Parameters Mass Splittings normal inverted KamLAND has measured Δm122 to ~2.8%

  8. Measurement of Fundamental Parameters Mixing Angles UMNSP Matrix Maki, Nakagawa, Sakata, Pontecorvo reactor and accelerator atmospheric, K2K SNO, solar SK, KamLAND 0νββ maximal? not so small large, but not maximal! As of 2012, all three neutrino mixing angles are known!

  9. Measurement of Fundamental Parameters Mixing Angles UMNSP Matrix Maki, Nakagawa, Sakata, Pontecorvo reactor and accelerator atmospheric, K2K SNO, solar SK, KamLAND 0νββ UMNSP matrix for 3-ν is complete!

  10. Recent Scientific Highlights (since 2007) Reactor ν Oscillation Measurement over O(180km) KamLAND → Δm212 SNO → θ12 KamLAND 2010 L0=180km KamLAND has measured Δm122 to ~2.8% Evidence for spectral distortion Direct evidence for oscillation KamLAND complete → KamLAND-Zen continues (see talk by Freedman)

  11. Recent Scientific Highlights (since 2007) Solar Neutrino Measurements Borexino Borexino SNO 7Be rate for 100 t target: 46.0 ± 1.5 (stat) ± 1.5 (sys) cpd pep rate for 100 t target: 3.1 ± 0.6(stat) ± 0.3(sys) cpd 8B flux measured (SNO LETA + combined) Detection of pep neutrinos Measurement of 7Be flux Limit on CNO rate < 7.1 cpd/100 t 3.5MeV thresholds achieved in SNO & SK first direct extraction of νe survival probability SNO complete → SNO+ Borexino continues

  12. Recent Scientific Highlights (since 2007) Measurement of θ13 Observation of Electron Antineutrino Disappearance over O(1-2km) Daya Bay 2012 Precision reactor spectrum > 200,000 events at near site Reactor flux monitoring sin22θ13 = 0.089 ± 0.010 (stat) ± 0.005 (syst) Daya Bay, Double Chooz, RENO continue US nuclear physicists have played key roles in HEP-funded non-accelerator ν experiments.

  13. Near Future (with ongoing experiments) Primary Science Goals • Precision measurement of sin22θ13 (σ<3%) • Measurement of Δm231 (possible since θ13 is large) Additional Science Goals • Precision reactor spectrum measurements with largest reactor antineutrino data set collected. • Measurement of cosmogenic neutrons & isotopes over a range of muon energies at (modest) depths. • Search for new, non-standard antineutrino interactions Technical studies • Demonstrate multi-year operation of “functionally identical detectors”. Track performance versus time. • Verify long term scintillator stability. Detector R&D. Precision Measurement of Reactor ν over O(0.3-2km) Daya Bay 2015 DYB in ~2015 Daya Bay, Double Chooz, RENO continue

  14. Near Future (with ongoing and planned experiments) Improved Solar Neutrino Measurements Borexino, Super-K continue KamLAND analyzing Borexino SNO+ will start Mixing-corrected Flux/SSM R&D on LENS, CLEAN, MOON, LENA Fig: Klein, Intensity Frontier 2011 - improved measurement of pep, 7Be, 8B, → test MSW, probe vacuum-matter transition - exclusive measurement of CNO → probe solar metallicity - exclusive measurement of pp flux → test luminosity constraint LENS R&D SNO+ under construction Borexino running

  15. Near Future (with ongoing experiments) Supernova Neutrinos νe, νe, νx (all species) extreme densities HALO running Helium and Lead Observatory dedicated SN observatory 76 tons of lead CC and NC interactions collective neutrino oscillations need high neutrino density near core of SN → spectral swap in IH neutrino burst NP theory essential for understanding SN mechanisms.

  16. Neutrinos - Open Questions • The Origin of Mass • Why are neutrinos so light? • Do neutrinos have Majorana mass? • What is the absolute mass scale? • Normal or inverted mass ordering? • Are there more than 3ν? • The Flavor Puzzle • Why is lepton mixing so different from quarks? • CP violation? • θ23 octant?

  17. Neutrino Anomalies & Sterile ν Hypothesis LSND MiniBoone Ga Anomaly Cosmology (WMAP) 6m R=0.86±0.05 Anomalies in 3-v interpretation of global neutrino oscillation data LSND (νe appearance) MiniBoone (νe appearance) Ga anomaly Neff in cosmology Short-baseline reactor anomaly (νe disappearance) ? if new oscillation signal, requires Δm2 ~ O(1eV2) and sin22θ > 10-3 systematics or experimental effects? ➔ need to test each experimental effect ➔ very short baseline oscillation for reactor v, Losc ~ 2-10m

  18. Future (proposed experiments and R&D) Neutrino Physics at SNS stopped pion neutrino source with time structure - first measurements of CC & NC inelastic cross-sections in several nuclei (lead, argon, water) - first measurement of coherent νA scattering, SM tests, NSI exclusion - SN relevant targets - possible “hidden sector program” CC/NC measurements coherent scattering NuSNS LAr Lead single phase Ar/Ne dual phase Xe

  19. Future (proposed experiments and R&D) Neutrino Physics at SNS OscSNS proposed - prove the existence of sterile neutrinos by comparing NC reactions in near and far detector and by observing oscillations in the detector of a NC reaction - short-baseline νe and νe appearance, and short-baseline νe, νμ, andνμ disappearance - resolution of the current short-baseline anomalies - neutrino cross-section measurements

  20. Reactor Anomaly: Beyond 3ν ? Reactor Flux Measurements 10 m 100 m 1 km new prediction near detector ~0.3km far detector 1-2km adapted from Schwetz Neutrino2012 2011νe flux predictions - new reactor antineutrino spectra - re-analysis of 19 short-baseline reactor results - neutron lifetime correction, off-equilibrium effects net 3% upward shift in energy averaged fluxes Flux normalization problem or additional oscillation at L~O(1-10m)?

  21. Reactor ν Fluxes Theory Meets Experiment re-evaluations find higher fluxes by about 3.5% Reactor Anomaly Ref: Mention et al, 1101.2755 (2012 upd) Missing nuclear physics or new physics? NP theory essential to understand problem and interpret “anomaly”.

  22. Future (proposed experiments and R&D) Short-Baseline Experiment at US Research Reactors HFIR, ORNL R&D SONGS proposed NIST R&D ATR R&D - precision measurement of reactor flux and spectrum - measure evolution of isotopic fuel composition - search for very short baseline oscillations Field can leverage facilities funded by offices other than NP.

  23. Future (proposed experiments and R&D) Sterile Neutrino Search with Neutrino Sources Sources based on beta-decays Sources based on EC (65Zn, 51Cr, 152Eu, 37Ar) • 144Ce-144Pr Antineutrino Source • Qβ> 1.8 MeV (IBD threshold) • lifetime long enough to allow for production and transport • T1/2 (144Ce)=285 days, T1/2 (144Pr)=17.3 min • contained in fission fragments of spent nuclear fuel 51Cr Source inside Dual Metallic Ga Target Daya Bay - sterile R&D Ga - sterile proposed Borexino - sterile proposed CeLAND proposed Note: list may not be complete R&D on a variety of ν and ν sources. R&D by US nuclear physicists with expertise from NP facilities/program (e.g. IDRPA, NIDC).

  24. Neutrinos - Open Questions • The Origin of Mass • Why are neutrinos so light? • Do neutrinos have Majorana mass? • What is the absolute mass scale? • Normal or inverted mass ordering? • Are there more than 3ν? • The Flavor Puzzle • Why is lepton mixing so different from quarks? • CP violation? • θ23 octant?

  25. S.T. Petcov et al., PLB533(2002)94 S.Choubey et al., PRD68(2003)113006 J. Learned et al., hep-ex/0612022 50k events, 3 years→ 96% 100k events → 3σ NH IH L. Zhan et al, PRD78:111103, 2008 PRD79:073007, 2009 Qian et al. arXiv: 1208.1551 Future (proposed experiments and R&D) Determining Mass Hierarchy with Reactor Antineutrinos Daya Bay II (and RENO 50km) Daya Bay II proposed Daya Bay II R&D from 2012-2015 Construction start ~ 2015/16?

  26. HEP, NP HEP, NP mass hierarchy sterile neutrinos 2020 and Beyond Long-Term Scientific Questions NP Scientific Opportunities NP 0νββ towards a1-ton experiment confirm/measure with different nuclei absolute neutrino mass beyond KATRIN NP precision solar spectroscopy Sun as a calibrated source of neutrinos NP HEP, NP precision θ, Δm2 HEP CP violation, δCP

  27. Neutrino Experiments - Timeline 2010 2015 2020 0νββ see talk by Freedman absolute neutrino mass see talk by Robertson Borexino solar/SN neutrinos KamLAND SK HALO SNO+ R&D on LENS, MOON, LENA, CLEAN reactor θ, Δm2 KamLAND Daya Bay Double Chooz RENO atmospheric θ, Δm2 SK MINOS+ MINOS PINGU IceCube INO mass hierarchy R&D on Daya Bay II, LBNE, PINGU etc NOvA Daya Bay II INO LBNE osc/sterile ν/other MiniBooNE MicroBoone MINERVA R&D - SNS experiments (OscSNS etc) R&D - short baseline reactor/source experiments T2K CP violation, δCP NOvA Hyper K Note: Colored boxes indicate ongoing experiments, dotted lines are R&D. List may be incomplete. 27 LBNE

  28. Neutrino Experiments - US Experiments 2010 2015 2020 0νββ see talk by Freedman absolute neutrino mass see talk by Robertson Borexino solar/SN neutrinos KamLAND SK HALO SNO+ R&D on LENS, MOON, LENA, CLEAN reactor θ, Δm2 KamLAND Daya Bay Double Chooz RENO atmospheric θ, Δm2 SK MINOS+ MINOS PINGU IceCube INO mass hierarchy R&D on Daya Bay II, LBNE, PINGU etc NOvA Daya Bay II INO LBNE osc/sterile ν/other MiniBooNE MicroBoone MINERVA R&D - SNS experiments (OscSNS etc) R&D - short baseline reactor/source experiments T2K CP violation, δCP NOvA Hyper K 28 LBNE

  29. Neutrino Experiments - US Exp + Future US Facilities 2010 2015 2020 0νββ see talk by Freedman absolute neutrino mass see talk by Robertson Borexino solar/SN neutrinos KamLAND SK HALO SNO+ new underground space R&D on LENS, MOON, LENA, CLEAN reactor θ, Δm2 KamLAND Daya Bay Double Chooz RENO atmospheric θ, Δm2 SK MINOS+ MINOS PINGU IceCube INO mass hierarchy R&D on Daya Bay II, LBNE, PINGU etc NOvA Daya Bay II INO new long-baseline beam (and underground space) LBNE osc/sterile ν/other MiniBooNE MicroBoone MINERVA new space at SNS configure space at research reactor R&D - SNS experiments (OscSNS etc) R&D - short baseline reactor/source experiments T2K CP violation, δCP NOvA Hyper K new long-baseline beam (and underground space) 29 LBNE

  30. NP NP NP Neutrino Experiments - Future US Facilities & NP 2010 2015 2020 0νββ see talk by Freedman absolute neutrino mass see talk by Robertson Borexino solar/SN neutrinos KamLAND SK HALO SNO+ new underground space R&D on LENS, MOON, LENA, CLEAN reactor θ, Δm2 KamLAND Daya Bay Double Chooz RENO atmospheric θ, Δm2 SK MINOS+ MINOS PINGU IceCube INO mass hierarchy R&D on Daya Bay II, LBNE, PINGU etc NOvA Daya Bay II INO LBNE osc/sterile ν/other MiniBooNE MicroBoone MINERVA new space at SNS configure space at research reactor R&D - SNS experiments (OscSNS etc) R&D - short baseline reactor/source experiments T2K CP violation, δCP NOvA Hyper K 30 LBNE

  31. Participation in Neutrino Experiments Worldwide solar, 0νββ β reactor reactor, solar, 0νββ 0νββ atm, acc solar, 0νββ acc, atm 0νββ (0νββ) reactor 0νββ reactor atm Fig: adapted from deepscience.org International collaborations enable US scientists to participate in major discoveries. International competition very active → seize opportunities for domestic leadership. 31

  32. Summary Scientific Impact - Neutrino experiments with NP involvement have led to some of the most visible discoveries in the past decade; a rapidly developing field. - NP neutrino experiments address a unique set of questions, complementary to HEP neutrino experiments. - NP has unique expertise, programs, and facilities for the neutrino field. Facilities - Underground space is key for rare-event searches. - Descope of LBNE does not directly impact NP experiments. Leadership and International Context - Active international competition but opportunities for domestic leadership (e.g. 0νββ, ν mass, short-baseline oscillations, reactor spectra) - Agility (R&D efforts) critical to have impact in international context with smaller experiments.

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