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職場口腔癌篩檢 與 職業醫學專科醫師之責任

職場口腔癌篩檢 與 職業醫學專科醫師之責任. 台北榮總員山暨蘇澳分院 復健科/職業醫學科 / 署定口腔癌篩檢醫師 李大中醫師. 口腔癌篩檢 ( 口腔黏膜健康檢查、口腔黏膜病變篩檢 ) — 基本觀念與現場實技 —. 韓良俊 行政院衛生署癌症防治政策委員會委員 台灣檳榔防制暨口腔癌防治聯盟主席 行政院衛生署口腔醫學委員會主任委員. 疾病預防之分類. 初段預防 二段預防 三段預防. 1. 初段預防. 重點放在從社區去除致病危險因子 目的在減少社區中的疾病個案 ( 即降低發生率 ) 如所花成本合理,則在公共衛生及個別方面,皆屬最佳策略

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職場口腔癌篩檢 與 職業醫學專科醫師之責任

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  1. 職場口腔癌篩檢與職業醫學專科醫師之責任 台北榮總員山暨蘇澳分院 復健科/職業醫學科/ 署定口腔癌篩檢醫師 李大中醫師

  2. 口腔癌篩檢(口腔黏膜健康檢查、口腔黏膜病變篩檢)—基本觀念與現場實技—口腔癌篩檢(口腔黏膜健康檢查、口腔黏膜病變篩檢)—基本觀念與現場實技— 韓良俊 行政院衛生署癌症防治政策委員會委員 台灣檳榔防制暨口腔癌防治聯盟主席 行政院衛生署口腔醫學委員會主任委員

  3. 疾病預防之分類 • 初段預防 • 二段預防 • 三段預防

  4. 1.初段預防 • 重點放在從社區去除致病危險因子 • 目的在減少社區中的疾病個案(即降低發生率) • 如所花成本合理,則在公共衛生及個別方面,皆屬最佳策略 • 預防口腔癌主要在防制檳榔、菸、酒

  5. 2.二段預防 • 在早期階段發現所要注意(已經存在)之疾病 • 可供介入以治癒或降低該病傷害,最後可減少死亡率(找出口腔癌前病變尚可降低口腔癌發生率) • 篩檢屬此,其利、弊皆須仔細評估、處理

  6. 3.三段預防 • 介入是為降低疾病在治療後之復發 • 或為減輕治療後引起之病痛(morbidity)

  7. 10大癌症防治策略(衛生署國民健康局) ―98年癌症防治工作重點

  8. 口腔癌篩檢的合理性 • 篩檢要找的相關病變在口腔癌的自然史中,是無症狀且又是侷限的(故值得努力去早期發現) • 開始時常為PMD (potentially malignant disorders),如白斑(含紅白斑)、紅斑、黏膜下纖維化、疣狀增生等 • 這些病變可經由簡單、一定步驟的口腔黏膜檢查法找出 • 找出後經由習慣介入、飲食介入以及必要時的外科性處置,可使其消退或清除。

  9. 篩檢之分類 • ㄧ般民眾型篩檢(population screening) • 標靶型篩檢(targeting screening) • 隨機型篩檢(opportunistic screening)

  10. 1.ㄧ般民眾型篩檢(population screening) • 不宜以此作口腔癌篩檢(cost-effectiveness不明) • 在南亞,可疑病變(suspicious lesions)之發現率雖達2-16%,但接受轉介、追蹤率偏低

  11. 2.標靶型篩檢(targeting screening) • 以高危險族群為標的,如(30歲以上之)檳榔、菸使用者及酗酒者 • 有人不出來接受篩檢—困難點 • 配合其他健康問題篩檢則參加率較佳(整合型篩檢)

  12. 3.隨機型篩檢(opportunistic screening) • 在診所或醫院看診時,對未懷疑之病變做篩檢 • 合理且符合成本效益 • 值得在每一牙科診所或其他科診所進行(對口腔軟組織;亦可做標靶型及隨機型之混合運用) • 僅需多花很短時間(約3-4分鐘) • 可達到早期發現並達成“downstaging”效果

  13. Lim, Moles, et al:Opportunistic Screening for Oral Cancer andPrecancer in General Dental Practice • Opportunistic screening in a general dental practice setting may be a realistic alternative to population screening. • General dental practice is ideal for the evaluation of such systems prior to extending these studies to other healthcare setting. Br Dent J 2003;194:497-502.

  14. ‧ ‧ ‧

  15. 篩檢基本原則 • 要篩檢的對象(情況)係屬重要的健康問題,其自然歷程是已知的 • 已有可行的、實證的介入方法 • 有適當、可行的診斷方法(或test) • 該篩檢所需的經費,與其他保健費用可達成平衡,或費用合理

  16. 口腔癌篩檢潛在的好處 • 減低死亡率 • 減少侵犯性(已成形)癌瘤之發生 • 改善個別患者之預後 • 接受早期治療者,其病痛可減少 • 篩選高危險群並獲得介入機會 • 對陰性個案有安慰作用 • 節省醫療資源/社會成本

  17. 口腔癌篩檢可能的缺失 • 使偽陰性個案造成錯誤的安全感及延誤治療時機 • 有些無進展,可予觀察即可之癌前病變,反而可能造成不必要之治療 • 對偽陽性個案造成心理傷害 • 對某些陰性個案反而加強其不良生活習慣 • 須考慮所需費用 • 找出末期已無法治癒個案,對部分病人可能反增其受苦程度

  18. 手術的基本要件(Basic necessities,可應用於口腔癌篩檢現場) • 適當的可視性(adequate visibility)有3要素:(1)適當的可近性(adequate access) —如自然開口、開口度夠大、排開身體組織(2mirror technique)(2)適當的照明(adequate light)—隨時調整光源,以免光線被遮住;亦可使用頭燈(3)術野無多餘的血液或其他液體—可用棉花棒代替抽吸器 • 助手:需受過適當訓練,可操作燈光,並協助記錄檢查單及問卷

  19. 檢查者/受檢者姿勢 • 傳統「相親式 (坐姿) 」篩檢 • 新的「水平(躺臥)式」篩檢(2005年起在台西全面採用)

  20. NOTE : This is a bad example !

  21. NOTE : This is a bad example !

  22. NOTE : This is a bad example !

  23. NOTE : This is a bad example !

  24. A PRACTICAL TECHNIQUE OF SCREENING FOR ORAL CANCER(SUMMARY) reported at 41st APACPH(Asia Pacific Academic Consortium for Public Health) Confrerence, 5th Dec. 2009 L.J. Hahn, DDS, DDSc, FICD Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon, National Taiwan University Hospital

  25. Current and conventional method of screening for oral cancer in Taiwan • The examiner and the examinee sit face to face on 2 chairs. • The examiner use only 1-2 disposable tongue depressors without using mouth mirrors, to perform the so-called “oral cancer screening”.

  26. Disadvantages of such conventional methods • Against human engineering • No mouth mirror → no complete screening (there are dead corners on examination) • Prone to result in FALSE NEGATIVE finding.

  27. Correct and practical method of screening for oral cancer • The examinee takes supine position • The examiner sits at 7-11 o’clock position of the head of an examinee • Use 2 mouth mirrors( 2-mirror technique ) • Examine 50 sites of the full mouth mucosa, in definite order without missing any site.

  28. 4 Functions of the mouth mirror • As a mirror • To reflex light to the site where close examination is needed. • As a retractor • For primary “palpation” • So, using mouth mirrors is mandatory to perform correct screening for oral cancer.

  29. “Palpation” with a mouth mirror • Whilst digital palpation of the mucosa would be ideal, for practical reasons MOUTH MIRRORS may be used to gain an idea of the texture of the tissues. • Digital palpation using any necessary precautions, may then be reserved for the examination of particular lesions. ─ WHO : Guide to epidemiology and diagnosis of oral mucosal diseases and conditions, 1980 • As suggested in the WHO guide, 2 mouth mirrors are recommended with digital palpation for particular lesions ─Zain et al : Clinical criteria for diagnosis of oral mucosal lesions, 2002

  30. Advantages of 2-mirror technique of screening for oral cancer by supine position • Good accessibility to the oral cavity • Fit human engineering - for adequate inspection and palpation • Using 2 mouth mirrors-much better than just using tongue depressors only • Natural posture, less fatigability • Can detect more precancers and early cancers(may achieve “downstaging”) ■ ■ Less possibility of causing FALSE NEGATIVE result.

  31. A simplified method of screening for oral cancer (Hahn’s method) • Can be used if the dental, or flexible and portable chair for oral cancer screening is unavailable(Please watch DVD demonstration, if available)

  32. 躺臥式口腔癌篩檢的好處 • 檢查者在被檢查者頭部8-9(7-11)點位置,有利於篩檢時之視診及觸診之操作。 • 檢查者在此法所採姿勢,比坐式較符合人體工學操作的原理。 • 視野較佳,加上使用口鏡,可減少小部位、小角落成為死角檢查不到的缺點(請勿只使用壓舌板)。 • 被檢查者較舒適、輕鬆,頭部固定、不易亂動。 • 時間較久之篩檢亦較不感疲勞,效率較佳。 • 可避免造成偽陰性之結果。

  33. 口腔癌篩檢需準備器械、物品 • 折疊式牙科檢查椅,附無影燈(或頭燈) • 口鏡(2 mirror technique—每一受檢者使用2枝口鏡) • 口罩 • 棉花棒(或棉籤) • 可棄式手套(最好為單包裝者) • 牙科鑷子(非每一受檢者皆需要) • 面紙、小紗布 • 篩檢紀錄單(special sheet) • 問卷

  34. Two Mouth Mirrors在篩檢時的功能-2 Mirror Technique • 鏡子功能:照出視線無法直接看到的地方,如小部位、小角落或牙齒後方視線死角處(舌側、腭側)黏膜。 • 反射功能:可藉反射送更多光線到需細看的部位。 • 當做肌鈎(retractor):推開或拉開舌、唇、頰等。 • 用來觸診:可做經常性或初步的觸診,必要時對特殊病變(particular lesions)才換用手指觸診即可(WHO Guide to epidemiology and diagnosis of oral mucosal diseases and conditions/Clinical Criteria for Diagnosis of Oral Mucosal Lesions-An aid for dental and medical practitioners in the Asia-Pacific Region)

  35. 口腔黏膜檢查紀錄表/單 • 檢查日期 • 受檢者基本資料 • 各項危險因子 • 檢查結果 • 圖示 • 以項目勾選為原則 • 轉介醫院 • 檢查者

  36. TOPOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ORAL MUCOSA,(HAHN,L.J. modified after WHO monogragh) §口腔黏膜細部區分 (1) 1.Vermilion border ― upper (1), lower (2) 口唇(唇紅部)-上、下 2.Labial commissures ― right (3), left (4) 唇聯合-右、左 3.Labial mucosa ― upper (5), lower (6) 唇黏膜-上、下 4.Cheek (buccal muccsa) ― right (7), left (8) 頰黏膜-右、左 5. Labial sulci ― upper (9), lower (10) 唇溝-上、下 6. Buccal sulcus ― right upper (11) lower (12) 頰溝-右上、右下 7. Buccal sulcus ― left upper (13) lower(14) 頰溝-左上、左下

  37. TOPOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ORAL MUCOSA,(HAHN,L.J. modified after WHO monogragh) §口腔黏膜細部區分 (2) 8.Posterior gingiva and alveolar ridge (process) buccally 後牙頰側牙齦及齒槽堤 Upper gingiva or edentulous alveolar ridge buccally ― right (15), left (16) 上右、上左 Lower gingiva or edentulous alveolar ridge buccally ― right (17), left (18) 下右、下左 9.Anterior gingiva and alveolar ridge (process) labially: 前牙唇側牙齦及齒槽堤-上、下Upper (19)Lower (20)

  38. TOPOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ORAL MUCOSA,(HAHN,L.J. modified after WHO monogragh) §口腔黏膜細部區分 (3) 10. Posterior gingiva and alveolar ridge (process) palatally and lingually後牙腭側或舌側牙齦及齒槽堤-上右、上左、下右、下左Upper ― right (21), left (22)Lower ― right (23), left (24) 11. Anterior gingiva and alveolar ridge (process) palatally and lingually, palatally (25) and lingually (26)前牙腭側或舌側牙齦及齒槽堤-腭側、舌側 12. Dorsum (dorsal surface)of the tongue ― right (27), left (28)舌背-右、左

  39. TOPOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ORAL MUCOSA,(HAHN,L.J. modified after WHO monogragh) §口腔黏膜細部區分 (4) 13. Base of the tongue ― right (29), left (30)舌根-右、左 14. Tip of the tongue (31)舌尖 15. Margin (lateral border) of the tongue ― right (32), left (33)舌側緣-右、左 16. Ventral(inferior) surface of the tongue ― right (34), left (35)舌腹面-右、左

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