Debate II: Speaker Responsibilities

1. Debate II: Speaker Responsibilities Doris L. W. Chang

2. Presentation Outline • Speaker Order and Responsibilities (Goodnight 22-31) • 1st AC (affirmative constructive speech) • 1st NC • 2nd AC • 2nd NC • 1st NR • 1st AR • 2nd NR • 2nd AR • Tips on Debate Practices (Manish Vij) • In-class Informal Debate Practice

3. Speaker Responsibilities (Goodnight 22)

4. 1st AC--Strategy Strategy: --to present the strongest possible case for the proposition --to leave the affirmative in a strong offensive position

5. 1st AC: Duties • A brief, pleasant introduction that capsulize the affirmative’s approach • The resolution (proposition) • Definition of key terms in the proposition • Aff. justification for change • Aff. Plan • Plan Advantages • Brief summary of the aff. Case.

6. 1st AC: Outline • Introduction • Statement of the resolution • Definition of terms • Inherency • Significance • Presentation of the plan • Solvency of the plan (need case) • Advantages of the plan (comparative advantage case; optional for need case.)

7. 1st NC: Strategy • To maintain the validity of the present system • To take the offensive away from the aff. • To expand the debate beyond the arguments presented in the 1st AC speech.

8. 1st NC: Duties • A brief intro. and explanation of the negative’s philosophy in the debate • The neg.’s organization for analyzing the aff. Arguments. • Challenge the aff. Definition of terms. • Challenge the aff. topicality • Defend the present system by summarizing its aims & effectiveness in meeting its goals. • Show that the aff. failed to justify its proposal to change the present system • Briefly summarize the neg. position in the debate.

9. 1st NC: Outline • Introduction & statement of the neg. philosophy. • Challenge aff. definition of terms with counter-evidence & quote of authority • Challenge topicality: carefully explain why the aff. case does not fall within the bounds of the resolution. • Structure each refutation • State the aff. point to be refuted, using aff. Labels • State your position relative to the aff. Contention • Present evidence for the neg. point • Explain C’s impact on the aff. Case • Restate your position. • Restatement of the neg. philosophy or summary of the neg’s overall impact on the aff. Case.

10. 2nd AC: Strategy • to uphold the aff. burden of proof, • to remain on the offensive and • to narrow the range of arguments.

11. 2nd AC: Duties • Give a brief introduction • Prove that the aff. case justifies the topic by re-establishing the aff. def. of terms and topicality, if challenged. • Reestablish the aff. Justification for change. • Prove that the harm exists, is significant, and is likely to grow worse if nothing’s done • Demonstrate that the harm is caused by the present system. (or prove the advantages are unique to the aff. plan. • Review aff. arguments that haven’t been attacked so far. • Briefly summarize

12. 2nd AC: Outline • Intro.: Overview of the debate thus far Show the relationship between aff. case and neg. philosophy • Defend def. of terms or topicality, if needed • Re-establish the aff. Inherency, answer neg. refutation • Attack any neg. constructive materials Use aff. contentions to refute its philosophy or defense of the present system. • Summarize, emphasizing arguments dropped by the neg. and arguments carried by aff.

13. 2nd NC: Strategy • To outline plan workability and solvency problems and disadvantages to adopting the aff. plan.

14. 2nd NC: Duties • Outline the 2nd NC speech plan, road map • Show why the aff. proposal is unworkable • Challenge the aff. justification for change Show why the aff. plan will not solve the problems. • Detail the disadvantages of the aff. plan—provide well-developed disadvantages with supporting evidences • Briefly conclude. (prove disadvantages outweigh advantages if adopting the aff. proposition).

15. 2nd NC: Outline • Introduction with ref. to the neg. philosophy by 1st NC. Preview 2nd NC speech. • Workability: attack specific elements of the aff. Plan. • Solvency: prove that the aff. plan cannot achieve the advantages the aff. claimed • Disadvantages: develop all attacks to prove that even if the aff. Plan could meet the need, disadvantages outweigh advantages. (see Goodnight 27 for ex.)

16. 1st NR: Strategy • To extend the negative’s case attacks • To create a complete unit (block) of the neg. position Tips: relate the NR conclusion to the neg. position on case, and its plan objections. --establish that the need doesn’t exist --that even if it did, the plan is significantly unable to meet the need. --that there shall be more disadvantages than advantages.

17. 1st NR: Duties • Challenge the aff. def. of terms -- if still unacceptable, drop it if the aff. has adequately defended it. • Refute the 2nd AC arguments and extend the neg. explanation why the case is not topical, if it is the case. • Choose key points in the 1st NC’s speech, refute aff. objections, explain why the points are the most important arguments in the debate • Examine the aff. justification for change again • Give a summary of the negative block.

18. 1st AR: Strategy • To further the aff. strategies of fulfilling the burden of proof, • To validate the aff. plan, • To narrow the debate both on case and on plan Tips: in a 5 min. rebuttal speech, spend 2-2.5 min. on plan attacks and the balance on case.

19. 1st AR: Duties • Refute the neg.’s plan objections • Consolidate as many arguments as possible. • Point out the neg. flaws in reasoning, and missing links in arguments. • Show how neg. disadvantages are really aff. adventages. • Rebuilt the aff. case at major points of attack. Narrow the debate by focusing on key issues and explain why they are important. • Consolidate as many 1st NR arguments as possible • Briefly summarize the strengths of the aff. case.

20. 2NR: Strategy To identify the case arguments the neg. views as voting issues in order to win the round To demonstrate that the significance of the disadvantages outweighs the advantages or the solvency of the affirmative harm. Tips: the 1st NR & 2nd NR should communicate well. • 1st NR could identify the voting issues on the case while 2nd NR could identify those on the plan. • The 2nd NR could also begin with the most important voting issues and end with the least important if time is limited. • Think, communicate, and stay organized

21. 2nd NR: Duties • Give a brief intro. and road map of the speech direction • Briefly re-establish topicality and def. of terms challenges, if still applicable. • Re-establish key case arguments as voting issues and extend them for the neg. • Review plan objections and disadvantages, refute the aff. responses, and show issues the aff. neglected to discuss. • Summarize the negative position, call for rejection of the proposition.

22. 2nd AR: Strategy • To put the debate in perspective, continue to advance the aff.’s basic strategies in the debate. Tips: • Clarify muddled or confused arguments. The 2nd AR should explain what the arguments mean in terms of the context of the debate round. • E.g. the 2nd AR might demonstrate why the advantages or solvency of the aff. harm outweigh a disadvantage the neg. may be winning.

23. 2nd AR: Duties • Give a brief intro. and road map of the speech • Extend answers to plan objections • Refute major disadvantages • Group neg. arguments where possible • Try to center the speech on 3 or 4 major arguments the aff. cas depends on. Explain why if they differ from the key arguments identified by the neg. • Review the basic aff. Analysis and call for acceptance of the proposition.

24. Tips on Debate Practice • Voting Issues • Tips for individual debaters

25. The Voting Issues by Manish Vij

26. 1st AC • Prepared; should sound like oratory • Practiced • Memorized intro and conclusion • Good transitions between cards • If you have good ev, don't save it for later - use it here • Should lead into 2AC • Not too much structure; never beyond I. A. 1. • You can preempt • Don't define terms (preempt topicality)

27. 1st NC • Road map • Run plan-side arguments first • Disads, topicality, counterplans • Use a separate flow pad • Next, hit case (inherency, significance, solvency) • Don't go card by card; answer red flag issues (crucial to winning the round) • Attack the rationale behind cards • Don't ask questions; make arguments! • Allocate sufficient time to put out case arguments • Save evidence for extensions

28. 2nd AC • Road map • Pull points that 1NC dropped and extend throughout round • Answer DAs, topicality, counterplans first • Put out at least 7 responses to each disad (analysis ok) • Put out turns on disads but don't double-turn (links & impacts) • Put out a variety of independent responses • Next, at least two-point each case argument • Don't drop anything • You will have to group Neg arguments

29. 2nd NC • Decide who will do what in the Neg Block • Road map • Bury the Aff: 3-point each response to your disad(s) • Extend the parts of the disads that you'll go for • Grant a disad you're losing by granting everything that is not a turn: • Uniqueness, link, brink • Bury 2AC arguments

30. 1st NR • Rules: • Use no prep time unless the disad isn't buried yet • Read evidence • Write speech during 2NC • Pick out your round-winner and bury Aff responses

31. 1st AR • Toughest speech in round because it follows the negative block • Use 2AC structure to avoid putting out new arguments • Road map • Answer new disads from 2NC • Next, go to old disads, topicality, counterplan • If the disads have been buried: • Use 2AC structure to refer to 2NC responses • Don't go through all Neg responses • It takes only one good response remaining to beat a disad • Go to case • Pull important arguments and cards • Don't be too specific and don't explain; there's no time! • Beat round-winner by grouping Neg arguments

32. 2nd NR • Road map • Use all your prep time • Ask your partner which arguments to pull during the first or last 30 seconds of cross-ex • Beat all Aff responses to disads by grouping • Pull specific arguments from 1NR, 2NC • Extend disad impacts • Go down round-winning stock issue • Slime control: remind judge that no new arguments are allowed in 2AR, and if the other team tries to slime, judge should drop them. • In last thirty seconds, paint the picture. Write the ballot for the judge. • Burden of proof: If the judge has any doubt in his mind on any issue, he should vote Neg. New policies are inherently unknown and risky.

33. 2nd AR • Road map • Extend; respond to one or two Neg arguments on disads; win one • Weigh Aff policy vs. status quo - write the ballot • Refer to 2AC structure and to make the debate sound as if it's on your ground • In last 30 seconds, paint the picture. Write the ballot for the judge. • Risk theory: If voting aff has even a 1% chance of saving a life, the judge should vote aff.

34. How to Win Rounds • Be clear. Judges tune out of murky debates. • Sound like you are winning - even if you aren't. It intimidates the other team and helps you with the judge. • Keep your options open. Put out a lot of arguments initially, so no one can bury them all. Then focus and find your round-winners.

35. How to Win Rounds 4. Don't bet the round on a trick. Don't argue in 2AR that response X, when combined with argument Y, turns disad Z and gives you the victory. Judges can't or won't follow it. 5. Simplify at the end. Write the ballot in the last 20 seconds. Make it clear why you win. Aff: compare your policy with the status quo. Neg: go down stock issues and stress that you must only win one.

36. How to Win Rounds • In league, on the Neg, put out case presses/evidence presses, then read evidence. Teams who want an evidence war will drop the presses and just read evidence. This really can make you look good if you play up the dropped presses. This is called Manny and John-style debating, named after Homestead-A 1987-88, M. Varadarajan and J. Riemenschnitter. (They qualed for Nats doing this.) It helps to have a long last name.

37. How to Win Rounds 7. It's ok to go slightly fast in league. It may even make you look more intelligent. Caveat: That means faster than oratory pace, but not even close to a spread. 8. Humor! Be very cautious and appropriate with this, but if you can get a judge to laugh - and this requires a very delicate sense of appropriateness - the judge is yours.

38. Your Turn to Practice • Divide the class into two debate camps • Group 4 members on one team for the following debate practices. Decide which small team will represent your camp each time. • Formulate a proposition • Decide the debaters and orders • Brainstorm for debate preparation, be sure all debaters are clear about his/her responsibilities • In-class debate practices.

39. Works Cited Goodnight, Lynn. Getting Started in Debate. 2nd Ed. Lincolnwood, Chicago: NTC, 1994. Vij, Manish. “Introduction to Team Debate.” April 10, 2006. <http://www.vij.com/debate/> Online Debate <http://debate.navidot.com/cgi- bin/dbate_m.pl>

40. Have Fun Debating!