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Only Children

Only Children. G. Stanley Hall. Being an only child is a disease in itself. Overprotected Overindulged. Romeo & Juliet. Alas, Was Juliet An Only Child?. Happier by the Dozen. Early Industrial Psychologists had 12 children to demonstrate efficiency.

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Only Children

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  1. Only Children

  2. G. Stanley Hall • Being an only child is a disease in itself. • Overprotected • Overindulged

  3. Romeo & Juliet • Alas, • Was Juliet • An Only Child?

  4. Happier by the Dozen • Early Industrial Psychologists had 12 children to demonstrate efficiency. • Happily described in 1948 book, Cheaper by the Dozen

  5. Lillian Moller Gilbreth

  6. Cheaper by the Dozen • Three Movies • 1950 • (based on 1948 book) • 2003 & 2005 • (stories unlike • 1948 book)

  7. Meta Analyses-Falbo & Polit • Quantitative reviews of literature • Over 100 studies • 1925-1984 • Difference between onlies and others was small, even if statistically significant.

  8. Key Findings • The high achievement of only children was similar to that of children from 2-child families and firstborns. • The achievement of only children was higher than children from 3+ child families.

  9. Parent-Child Relations In terms of, • Expert reports, Parental descriptions of children, & Children’s descriptions of parents First-time parents: More anxiety -> Greater vigilance First-time parents: higher expectationsfor their children than more experienced parents.

  10. Apolo Ohno

  11. China’s One-Child Policy • Began over 30 years ago. • Extremely successful in reducing birth rate. • Intended to promote modernization. • Little Emperors

  12. I began conducting research in China…..

  13. Beijing, 1985

  14. 2004 Only Hope Teens were pushed by parents to achieve Teens were supposed to be vanguard of modernization 2007 Ethos Mismatch between simple values and more complex models parents want for their children Vanessa Fong

  15. Falbo & Poston (1993)

  16. Four Provinces in 1990

  17. Secondary Analyses • Multilevel analysis. • Mediation investigated: Parents’ reports of: Child getting way Homework help Educational expectations

  18. Empty Model • Used SAS PROC MIXED • Random Variable = 200 schools • Fixed Variable = None • ICC =.34

  19. Birth Order Order of birth, such as firstborn, middle born, last born. Sibship Size Number of siblings in a family, such as, 0, 1, 2, 3, etc. Fixed Effects:

  20. Model 1: Onlies vs. Others

  21. Raw Means-Sibship Size

  22. Parents’ Education Range: None to College Degree Average: Primary -Jr. High Completion Family Income Range: Less than 1000 to Over 5000 Yuan Average: 2501 to 3500 Yuan Model 2: Family Characteristics

  23. Individual Gender Grade Level School Region Province Beijing vs. Anhui, Gansu, Hunan Model 3: Control Variables

  24. Model 4: Mediators? • Child Getting Way • Homework Help • Educational Expectations

  25. Child Get Way

  26. Homework Help

  27. Educational Expectations

  28. Measure Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Sibling Effect One (1) vs. FB, 2C (0) vs. LB, 2C (0) vs. FB, 3+C (0) vs. MB, 3+C (0) vs. LB, 3+C (0) 2.27*** 1.81** 2.40** 4.73*** 3.39*** 1.52** 1.43** 1.42 3.22*** 2.08** 0.68 0.64 0.39 2.16** 0.86 0.27 0.27 0.01 1.53* 0.28 Family Characteristics Parents’ Education Family Income 0.81*** 0.09 0.75*** 0.07 0.57*** 0.00 Individual-Level Control Variables Gender (female) Grade (sixth) 1.24*** -1.32*** 1.60*** -1.24*** School-Level Control Variables Region (Urban) Province Beijing (1) vs. Anhui (0) vs. Hunan (0) vs. Gansu (0) 1.77* 7.17*** 7.16*** 9.71*** 1.94* 7.07*** 7.40*** 9.52*** Educational Expectations 2.73*** Level One Variance Level Two Variance 105.55 44.69 101.62 37.47 100.68 25.45 95.89 24.26 Table. Results of Multilevel Models Predicting School Achievement Note. Unstandardized regression coefficients presented here. *p < .05; **p < .01; *** p < .0001

  29. What’s Next? • 2008 Chinese Data • Secondary Students • College Students • Young Adults

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