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Introduction to Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function

This reading introduces the structure and function of skeletal muscles, including the composition of muscle fibers, sarcomeres, and motor units. It also explains the size principle and the shape of graded contractions.

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Introduction to Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function

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  1. Required readings: Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement (class text) by D.A. Winter, pp. 165-212

  2. Next Class • Reading assignment • Biomechanics of Skeletal Muscle by T. Lorenz and M. Campello (adapted from M. I. Pitman and L. Peterson; pp. 149-171 • EMG by W. Herzog, A. C. S. Guimaraes, and Y. T. Zhang; pp. 308-336 • http://www.delsys.com/library/tutorials.htm • Surface Electromyography: Detecting and Recording • The Use of Surface Electromyography in Biomechanics • Exam on anthropometry • Turn in EMG abstract • Prepare short presentation on EMG research article • Laboratory experiment on EMG • Hour assigned

  3. Advanced Biomechanics of Physical Activity (KIN 831) • Muscle – Structure, Function, and Electromechanical Characteristics • Material included in this presentation is derived primarily from two sources: • Jensen, C. R., Schultz, G. W., Bangerter, B. L. (1983). Applied kinesiology and biomechanics. New York: McGraw-Hill • Nigg, B. M. & Herzog, W. (1994). Biomechanics of the musculo-skeletal system. New York: Wiley & Sons • Nordin, M. & Frankel, V. H. (1989). Basic Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System. (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lea • & Febiger • Winter, D.A. (1990). Biomechanical and motor control of human movement. (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley & Sons

  4. Introduction • Muscular system consists of three muscle types: cardiac, smooth, and skeletal • Skeletal muscle most abundant tissue in the human body (40-45% of total body weight) • Human body has more than 430 pairs of skeletal muscle; most vigorous movement produced by 80 pairs

  5. Introduction (continued) • Skeletal muscles provide strength and protection for the skeleton, enable bones to move, provide the maintenance of body posture against gravity • Skeletal muscles perform both dynamic and static work

  6. Muscle Structure • Structural unit of skeletal muscle is the multinucleated muscle cell or fiber (thickness: 10-100 m, length: 1-30 cm • Muscle fibers consist of myofibrils (sarcomeres in series: basic contractile unit of muscle) • Myofibrils consist of myofilaments (actin and myosin)

  7. Microscopic-Macroscopic Structure of Skeletal Muscle

  8. Muscle Structure (continued) • Composition of sarcomere • Z line to Z line ( 1.27-3.6 m in length) • Thin filaments (actin: 5 nm in diameter) • Thick filaments (myosin: 15 nm in diameter) • Myofilaments in parallel with sarcomere • Sarcomeres in series within myofibrils

  9. Muscle Structure (continued) • Motor unit • Functional unit of muscle contraction • Composed of motor neuron and all muscle cells (fibers) innervated by motor neuron • Follows “all-or-none” principle – impulse from motor neuron will cause contraction in all muscle fibers it innervates or none

  10. Smallest MU recruited at lowest stimulation frequency • As frequency of stimulation of smallest MU increases, force of its contraction increases • As frequency of stimulation continues to increase, but not before maximum contraction of smallest MU, another MU will be recruited • Etc.

  11. Size Principle • Smallest motor units recruited first • Smallest motor units recruited with lower stimulation frequencies • Smallest motor units with relatively low levels of tension provide for finer control of movement • Larger motor units recruited later with increased frequency of stimulation and increased need for greater tension

  12. Size Principle • Tension is reduced by the reverse process • Successive reduction of firing rates • Dropping out of larger units first

  13. Muscle Structure (continued) • Motor unit • Vary in ratio of muscle fibers/motor neuron • Fine control – few fibers (e.g., muscles of eye and fingers, as few as 3-6/motor neuron), tetanize at higher frequencies • Gross control – many fibers (e.g., gastrocnemius,  2000/motor neuron), tetanize at lower frequencies • Fibers of motor unit dispersed throughout muscle

  14. Motor Unit • Tonic units – smaller, slow twitch, rich in mitochondria, highly capillarized, high aerobic metabolism, low peak tension, long time to peak (60-120ms) • Phasic units – larger, fast twitch, poorly capillarized, rely on anaerobic metabolism, high peak tension, short time to peak (10-50ms)

  15. Muscle Structure (continued) • Motor unit (continued) • Weakest voluntary contraction is a twitch (single contraction of a motor unit) • Twitch times for tension to reach maximum varies by muscle and person • Twitch times for maximum tension are shorter in the upper extremity muscles (≈40-50ms) than in the lower extremity muscles (≈70-80ms)

  16. Motor Unit Twitch

  17. Shape of Graded Contraction

  18. Shape of Graded Contraction • Shape and time period of voluntary tension curve in building up maximum tension • Due to delay between each MU action potential and maximum twitch tension • Related to the size principle of recruitment of motor units • Turn-on times ≈ 200ms • Shape and time period of voluntary relaxation curve in reducing tension • Related to shape of individual muscle twitches • Related to the size principle in reverse • Due to stored elastic energy of muscle • Turn-off times ≈ 300ms

  19. Force Production – Length-Tension Relationship • Force of contraction in a single fiber determined by overlap of actin and myosin (i.e., structural alterations in sarcomere) (see figure) • Force of contraction for whole muscle must account for active (contractile) and passive (series and parallel elastic elements) components

  20. Parallel Connective Tissue • Parallel elastic component • Tissues surrounding contractile elements • Acts like elastic band • Slack when muscle at resting length of less • Non-linear force length curve • Sarcolemma, endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium forms parallel elastic element of skeletal muscle

  21. Series Elastic Tissue • Tissues in series with contractile component • Tendon forms series elastic element of skeletal muscle • Endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium continuous with connective tissue of tendon • Lengthen slightly under isometric contraction (≈ 3-7% of muscle length) • Potential mechanism for stored elastic energy (i.e., function in prestretch of muscle prior to explosive concentric contraction)

  22. Isometric Contraction

  23. Musculotendinous Unit • Tendon and connective tissues in muscle (sarcolemma, endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium) are viscoelastic • Viscoelastic structures help determine mechanical characteristics of muscles during contraction and passive extension

  24. Musculotendinous Unit (continued) • Functions of elastic elements of muscle • Keep “ready” state for muscle contraction • Contribute to smooth contraction • Reduce force buildup on muscle and may prevent or reduce muscle injury • Viscoelastic property may help muscle absorb, store, and return energy

  25. Muscle Model

  26. Force Production – Gradation of Contraction • Synchronization (number of motor units active at one time) – more  force potential • Size of motor units – motor units with larger number of fibers have greater force potential • Type of motor units – type IIA and IIB  force potential, type I  force potential

  27. Force Production – Gradation of Contraction (continued) • Summation – increase frequency of stimulation, to some limit, increases the force of contraction

  28. Force Production – Gradation of Contraction (continued) • Size principle – tension increase • Smallest motor units recruited first and largest last • Increased frequency of stimulation  force of contraction of motor unit • Low tension movements can be achieved in finely graded steps • Increases frequency of stimulation  recruitment of additional and larger motor units • Movements requiring large forces are accomplished by recruiting larger and more forceful motor units • Size principle – tension decrease • Last recruited motor units drop out first

  29. Types of Muscle Contraction

  30. Force Production – Length-Tension Relationship • Difficult to study length-tension relationship • Difficult to isolate single agonist • Moment arm of muscle changes as joint angle changes • Modeling may facilitate this type of study

  31. Force Production – Load-Velocity Relationship • Concentric contraction (muscle shortening) occurs when the force of contraction is greater than the resistance (positive work) • Velocity of concentric contraction inversely related to difference between force of contraction and external load • Zero velocity occurs (no change in muscle length) when force of contraction equals resistance (no mechanical work)

  32. Force Production – Load-Velocity Relationship • Eccentric contraction (muscle lengthening) occurs when the force of contraction is less than the resistance (negative work) • Velocity of eccentric contraction is directly related to the difference between force of contraction and external load

  33. Force Production – Force-Time Relationship • In isometric contractions, greater force can be developed to maximum contractile force, with greater time • Increased time permits greater force generation and transmission through the parallel elastic elements to the series elastic elements (tendon) • Maximum contractile force may be generated in the contractile component of muscle in 10 msec; transmission to the tendon may take 300msec

  34. 3-D Relationship of Force-Velocity-Length

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