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Spirillaceae

Spirochaetes. Spirillaceae. Background. Spiral motile organism Included in spirochaetaceae Consist of a rod of protoplasm bound by a cell wall and outer membrane Several threads are intertwined along the length of the spirochetes

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Spirillaceae

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  1. Spirochaetes Spirillaceae

  2. Background.. • Spiral motile organism • Included in spirochaetaceae • Consist of a rod of protoplasm bound by a cell wall and outer membrane • Several threads are intertwined along the length of the spirochetes • Move by bending and rotating body according to the viscosity of the medium

  3. Medical important 3 genera • Treponema • Leptospira • Borrelia

  4. Treponema pallidum pallidum, which causes syphilis T. pallidum endemicum, which causes bejel or endemic syphilis T. pallidum carateum, which causes pinta T. pallidum pertenue, which causes yaws Treponema

  5. Normal habitat • Found in lesion of treponematoses • Can also found in mucous membranes in the mouth and genital tract, also in skin ulcers

  6. Pathogenicity (T.pallidum) • Acquired syphilis transmitted congenitally or sexual intercourse - Known as sexually acquired syphilis and congenitally acquired syphilis • Non-venereal syphilis – endemic syphilis, bejel, njovera, siti and dichuchwa

  7. Pathogenicity • T.pertenue– granular papillomas on skin • T.carateum– carate and mal del pinto + enlargement of the lymph glands

  8. Microscopy • Small 6-15 X 0.2µm • Motile spirochaetes wt 6 to 12 evenly sized coils • Stain by impregnation techniques • Best seen by dark-field illumination or phase contrast

  9. Culture • Microaerophilic • Hardly to grow in routine culture • Able to survive in some fluid including citrated whole blood • Maintained by intratesticular inoculation in rabbit.

  10. Serology tests Cardiolipin antigens test • VDRL test – Venereal Diseases Reference Laboratory • RPR test – Rapid Plasma Reagin Treponemal antigen test • TPHA test (Treponemapallidumhaemagglutination test)

  11. Leptospirainterrogans Leptospira Scanning electron micrograph of a number of Leptospira sp. bacteria atop a 0.1 µm polycarbonate filter

  12. Normal Habitat Causative agent for Leptospirosis • Variety in domestic and wild animals such as rats, rodents, cattle, pigs and dogs • Largely secreted in urine • Survive many weeks in soil and water, in alkaline and 28 – 32oC

  13. Transmission • Direct or indirect contact with urine of infected animal • Enter damaged skin which has immersed for a long time in water or mud contaminated with infected urine • m/o penetrate the lining of the mouth, nose and eyes • Person to person transmission rarely occurs

  14. Risk factors • Person most at risk of infection include workers in rice fields and sugar-cane fields, livestock farmers, irrigation canal workers, meat and animal handlers, fresh water fish pond workers, veterinarians, pest control officers, forest workers and those involved in road building • High cases in rainy seasons and times of flooding

  15. Pathogenicity • Mild form usually misdiagnosed as viral illness and influenza • More serious infection causing a high continuous fever, severe headaches and body pain especially in the muscles of legs, redness of the eye and weakness. • Can also causing jaundice and renal failure

  16. Microscopy • Small 6-20X0.1 µm • Actively motile spirochetes • Screw-tight coils and hooked ends • Easily stain only by impregnation techniques • Best seen by dark-field illumination or phase contrast

  17. Culture • Leptospires are strictly aerobes • Can be cultured in a serum or albumin-Tween medium • Late grow so resulting less efficient diagnostic • Preferable serology test to identify several serogroups

  18. Other tests • Haematological and biochemical tests in leptospirosis • Antimicrobial sensitivity – high doses of penicilin will be effective against L. interrogans

  19. Borreliavincenti Borreliarecurrentis Borreliaduttoni Borrelia

  20. Normal habitat • B.vincenti – commensal in human mouth and throat • B.recurrentis – parasite of Pediculus lice • B.duttoni – parasite of Ornithodorus soft ticks

  21. Pathogenicity • B.vincenti– associate wt Vincent’s angina and tropical ulcer • B.recurrentis– louse-bourne relapsing fever in poverty, overcrowding, and during time of drought and famine. • B.duttoni– tick-bourne relapsing fever infecting CSF causing lyphocytic meningitis

  22. Microscopy • Large 10-20X0.5µm • Actively motile spirochaetes wt coils of varying size • Agglutinate together • Easily stain in Giemsa, Field’s or other Romanowsky stain; prolonged Gram staining (Gram negative) • Well seen by dark-field illumination

  23. Culture • Borreliae are aerobes • Can be cultured in Kelly’s medium

  24. Serology test • Used to diagnose relapsing fever, usually cross reaction with Treponema Antimicrobial sensitivity • Sensitive to penicillin and tetracycline

  25. THE END

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