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Introduction to AI & AI Principles (Semester 1) WEEK 9 (07/08) [Barnden’s slides only]

This article discusses the desire for a general-purpose logic in AI, the limitations and caveats of using logic, and the benefits of having a common format for representing and reasoning. It explores the importance of capturing human rationality and the challenges of specialized representations. The article also introduces semantic networks and frames as examples of representation styles.

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Introduction to AI & AI Principles (Semester 1) WEEK 9 (07/08) [Barnden’s slides only]

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  1. Introduction to AI &AI Principles (Semester 1)WEEK 9 (07/08) [Barnden’s slides only] John Barnden Professor of Artificial Intelligence School of Computer Science University of Birmingham, UK

  2. Why Logic Has Been Proposed(review) • Desire to capture human rationality. • Desire for general-purpose representation/reasoning approach. • General purpose in terms of both subject matter and role in cognition (info from vision, sentence meanings, internal memory, …) • Desire for common format for explaining what is going on in other representation/reasoning approaches.

  3. “General-Purpose” Aim(review) • Reaction to: completely ad hoc, special-purpose representations, and representation styles, created for specific tasks, specific types of task or specific types of information. Consequence of such special-purpose representations: • Duplication of representational design effort when approaching a new problem. • Difficulty of learning transferrable lessons about representational design. • Need for creating tailored reasoning methods to cope with the specialized representations. • A single AI system may need to deal with a wide variety of tasks and types of information, perhaps all mixed up together. Having disparate representation styles for different types of information causes problems ...... ...

  4. “General-Purpose” Aim: Caveats • But this doesn't mean that AI systems should not use specialized approaches at all, or that you can't have mixes of styles. Could well be a good idea. • NB: human use of different representational styles for different things: natural language, specialized (e.g., technical) forms of natural language, mathematical notation, diagrams, pictures, musical notation, ... , and we're quite used to mixing these with each other … even mixing different natural languages. • Logic has quite severe limitations as regards both representation and reasoning, and is more suited to some things than others. So, its being “general purpose” is merely an aspiration. • Special purpose representations can be better (more effective or efficient) for the reasoning they are designed to support.

  5. “Common Format” Aim • The variety of proposed special-purpose representations, and the complications in some of them, • make it convenient to have a relatively simple, relatively standard language into which to (theoretically) translate them, in order to • see how well conceived they are • compare their advantages and disadvantages • find, possibly, a quicker route to developing meaning principles, reasoning schemes and mathematical results about them. • Having a standard representation/reasoning style eases communication between researchers.

  6. Now for “Semantic Networks” and “Frames”: see Bullinaria’s slides for week 6 • Apart from readings mentioned there, • see pp.11-15 in Callan.

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