Julius Caesar and Augustus Caesar

1. Julius Caesar and Augustus Caesar

2. Julius Caesar(100 BC – 44 BC)

3. Julius Caesar(100 BC – 44 BC) • General • Powerful Public Speaker • Had huge following among Rome’s poor

4. Julius Caesar(100 BC – 44 BC) • 60 BC- 1st Triumvirate – “rule of three” (Caesar, Pompey [PAHM-pee], and Crassus)—a political alliance • 59 BC—Caesar became consul • Knew that he could not win power without a loyal army • Took a special military command—10 years • Later, he brought Gaul (France) under Roman rule

5. Julius Caesar(100 BC – 44 BC) Meanwhile, Crassus died in battle in 53 BC. Pompey made sole consul in 52 BC. Pompey jealous of Caesar’s rising fame, he ordered Caesar home without his army. Instead, Caesar and HIS army march on Rome.

6. Julius Caesar(100 BC – 44 BC) 49 BC—Caesar declared war on the republic- Jan. 10th Pompey and his followers fled to Greece, where Caesar defeated him and then marched into Egypt. He put Cleopatra (daughter of the ruling family) on the throne as a Roman ally. 46 BC—returns to Rome triumphantly

7. Julius Caesar(100 BC – 44 BC) 44 BC –declared “Dictator for Life” Caesar increased the Senate to 900 members but reduced it power. Many senators, fearing Caesar’s ambition and popularity, formed a conspiracy against him.

8. Julius Caesar(100 BC – 44 BC) On March 15—the Ides of March—44 BC, the conspirators killed Caesar in the Senate. Two were men that Caesar considered friends: Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus.

9. Julius Caesar(100 BC – 44 BC) Note: Caesar had chosen his grandnephew, Octavian, as his heir. A struggle for power, however broke out after Caesar’s death.

10. Augustus Caesar(63 BC – AD 14) 19 years old when Julius Caesar was murdered Formed the 2nd Triumvirate—“rule of three” (Octavian, Antony—along with Lepidus, Caesar’s second-in-command)

11. Augustus Caesar(63 BC – AD 14) Marc Antony led an army east, reconquering Syria and Asia Minor from the armies of Brutus and Cassius. Then he joined his ally Cleopatra in Egypt. Meanwhile, Octavian forced Lepidus to retire.

12. Augustus Caesar(63 BC – AD 14) Antony and Octavian divide the Roman world. Antony took the east, and Octavian the west. In time, Octavian persuaded the Senate to declare war on Antony and Cleopatra.

13. Augustus Caesar(63 BC – AD 14) 31 BC—naval battle at Actium, Greece, Octavian defeats their fleet. .

14. Augustus Caesar(63 BC – AD 14) 30 BC—Octavian captured Alexandria, Egypt. Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide.

15. Augustus Caesar(63 BC – AD 14) Senate declared Octavian consul—to avoid Julius Caesar’s fate—Octavian did not present himself as king or emperor. Instead, he called himself princeps, or “first citizen.” 27 BC—the Senate gave Octavian the title, Augustus, or “the revered one.”

16. Augustus Caesar(63 BC – AD 14) 27 BC—the Senate gave Octavian the title, Augustus, or “the revered one.”

17. Augustus Caesar(63 BC – AD 14) Historians refer to him as the first Roman emperor Because the Roman Republic became the Roman Empire under his reign.

18. Augustus Caesar(63 BC – AD 14) Under his rule, the empire stretched from Spain in the west to Syria to the east, and from Egypt and the Sahara in the south to the Rhine and Danube in the north.

19. Augustus Caesar(63 BC – AD 14) The reign of Augustus, known as PaxRomana or “Roman Peace”—lasted for 200+ years

20. Augustus Caesar(63 BC – AD 14) The political system that Augustus created—reduced the powers of the Senate, Assemblies, & Magistrates AD 14 Augustus died death unspecified