1. 基因免疫的概念和优势。

1. 1.基因免疫的概念和优势。 2.疫苗的主要类型 3.基因免疫中目的基因的来源

2. Chapter VI IMMUNIZATION  免疫接种——免疫学预防

13. HIV / AIDS Mortality gHighgModerategNone or low

14. Tuberculosis Mortality gHighgModerategNone or low

15. Malaria • Risk • SignificantgLowgNone

16. Measles Number of cases gMore than 100g11 - 100g1 - 10g0gNo surveillance

17. Influenza g WidespreadgRegionalgLocalgSporadicgNegligibal or no surveillance

18. Diarrhea Diseases Cholera Cases gMore than 1,500g1,001 -1,500g501 - 1,000g1- 500gNegligibal or no surveillance

19. Louis Pasteur Edward Jenner Jenner and Pasteur are recognized as the immunologists who pioneered vaccination, or induction of active immunity.

20. 狂犬病 Rabies  天花 Smallpox virus 脊髓灰质炎 Polio 风疹 Rubella Hepatitis A  Hepatitis B 流感Influenza 轮状病毒 Rotavirus 白喉 diphtheria Pertussis 百日咳

21. Comparison of maximum and current morbidity for vaccine-preventable diseases  Year Percentage change Maximum cases 1992 Disease 白喉 Diphtheria 麻疹 Measles 腮腺炎 Mumps 百日咳 pertussis 脊髓灰质炎 Polio (paralytic) 风疹 Rubella CRS 破伤风 Tetanus 乙型流感 Heamophilus influenzae type B 乙型肝炎 Hepatitis B 1921 1941 1968 1934 1952 1969 1964, 65 1923 1984 1985 206,939 694,134 152,209 265,269 21,269 57,686 20,000 1,560 20,000 26,611 4 2,237 2,572 4,083 4 160 11 45 1,412 16,126 99.99 99.75 98.31 98.46 99.98 99.72 99.95 97.12 92.94 39.40

23. 患天花的小儿 （Infant with smallpox）  1979年WHO宣布在全球范围内消灭了天花病毒。

24. The last known person in the world to have smallpox of any kind. Variola minor in 23-year-old Ali Maow Maalin, Merka, Somalia The last case of natural smallpox in U.K. occurred in the 1930s; the last in U.S.A. was in the 1940s. The last natural case in the world was in Somalia and occurred in October 1977.

25. 患脊髓灰质炎的儿童 （Child with polio sequelae WHO） WHO 宣称将在2003年在全球消灭脊髓灰质炎

26. Polio Statistics Wild poliovirus 1988 Know poliovirus transmission

27. Polio Statistics Wild poliovirus 1998 Know poliovirus transmission

28. Victims of polio WHO  

29. The control of a number of the diseases that cause significant mortality and morbidity has make outstanding progress, but there remains a crying need for vaccines against others. Every year, millions of deaths throughout the world are caused by malaria, tuberculosis, and AIDS, diseases for which there are no effective vaccines.Forty million deaths from AIDS area projected by the end of the 1990’s, leaving more than 9 million orphans. Four Plasmodium species are responsible for human malaria, P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae Mycobacterium tuberculosis. HIV 

30. IMMUNIZATION  Immunization is the means of providing specific protection against most common anddamaging pathogens.

31. Immunity Acquired Innate Active Passive Artificial Artificial Natural Natural Modes of immunization

32. Passive Immunity immune cells ? Transfer of serum or gamma-globulins from an immune donor to a non-immune individual naturally artificially without the immune system being challenged with an antigen Passive Immunity

33. 1 Naturally acquired passive immunity: Immunity is transferred from mother to fetus through placental transfer of IgG or colostral transfer of IgA.

34. 2 Artificially acquired passive immunity: Artificially transferred byinjectionwith gamma-globulins from other individuals or gamma-globulin from an immune animal. Tetanus antitoxin (Horse serum) ? Homologous Heterologous

35. **Providingimmediateprotection ** Heterologous gamma-globulins are effective for only a short duration and often result in pathological complications (serum sickness) and anaphylaxis. ** Homologousimmunoglobulins carry therisk of transmitting hepatitis and HIV.

36. TheconditionsNEED use of passive immunization: ***Deficiencyin synthesis of antibody ***Susceptible person is exposed or likely to be exposed to a disease ***Disease is already present ( antibody may ameliorate or help suppress the effects of toxin

37. Active Immunity Produced by the body following exposure toantigens. naturally artificially Active Immunity

38. 1 Naturally active immunity Exposure to different pathogens leads to sub-clinical or clinical infections which result in aprotective immune response against these pathogens.

39. 2 Artificially acquired active immunity Immunization may be achieved by administering live or dead pathogens or their components.

40. VaccinePreparation containing eitherkilled or weakened live microorganisms, or a toxoid, introduced by mouth, by injection, or by nasal spray to stimulate production of antibodies against an infectious agent. This confers immunity to that agent, since the B lymphocytes remain sensitized to it and respond to later infection by producing more antibodies.

41. Basic requirement of vaccine **Vaccine(essence) are antigen High immunogenecity B cell epitope T cell epitope

42. Antigen (Ag) Activation of B cell Activation of T cell Activated B cell Memory B cell Memory T cell antibody Activated CTL

43. (1) Efficacy Antigen specificity Stimulating immune response

44. (2) Safety (3) Practicality Lower cost and deliver them efficiently to all, especially in developing countries of the world.

45. Immunologic memory Anti- Diphtheria antibody Anti- Diphtheria antibody A B diphtheria vaccine D E Diphtheria Bm cell Diphtheria Bm cell Diphtheria:白喉

46. Secondary response to antigen Diphtheria Antibody concentration First response to antigen Diphtheria First response to antigen B days Diphtheria Antigen B Diphtheria vaccine immunity immunity

47. 多价抗原 Surface antigen Toxic antigen ……

48. 多价抗原 Surface antigen vaccine Surface antigen Toxic antigen ……

49. 多价抗原

50. Application of vaccine (1) Pathways (2) Undesirableeffect of Vaccines Fever, malaise and discomfort. Joint pains or arthritis (rubella), convulsions, fatal (pertussis), or neurological disorders (influenza). Allergies:viral vaccines produced in eggs (measles, mumps, influenza, yellow fever).