Ancient Rome

1. Ancient Rome

2. The beginning of Rome is related to two legends: • Aeneas • Romulus & Remus • According to Aeneas’ legend: • Was Trojan War hero • Moved his family west to promised land • 1st to settle in present-day Rome Ancient Rome

3. According to the legend of Romulus & Remus: • Twin brothers abandoned by mother @ birth • Raised (age 2) by female wolf • Found by farmer; kills wolf • Raises boys as his sons • As grown men, brothers decide to build city • Stand on opposite hills; wait for “sign” from gods • Birds circle Romulus; seen as “sign” from gods • Remus jealous; brothers fight • Romulus kills Remus; names city Rome Ancient Rome

4. Rome is ruled by series of kings until 600 B.C. • Etruscans (northern Italy) invade Rome and conquer city. • Romans live under their rule until 509 B.C. • Now free, Romans create a republican*form of gov’t to rule city. • * - gov’t where citizens elect reps. to rule in their name. Ancient Rome

5. Rome begins as a farming community; nearby Tiber River provided water source. • As Rome developed into more complex society, two social classes begin: • Patricians • Plebeians • Patricians were: • Wealthy landowners • Held high gov’t positions. Ancient Rome

6. Plebeians were: • Commoners (Middle/Lower) • Could vote • Didn’t hold gov’t positions • Resentment towards patricians power grows; forces them to write “12 Tables”. • 12 Tables provided ALL Roman citizens with: • Basic rights • Basic duties Ancient Rome

7. What war was Aeneas a hero of? • What animal cared for Romulus & Remus? • What was the “sign” the gods gave Romulus? • Who invades Rome in 600 B.C.? • What type of gov’t does Rome create? • What were the two social classes in Rome? • What did the 12 Tables provide ALL Romans? Homework #1 – 3/20/13

8. Under the Republican gov’t, Rome had 3 branches: • Legislative • Executive • Judicial • Leg. Branch was made up of: • Senate • Assemblies • Senate: • Consisted of 300 members • Advised Roman leaders • Mostly patricians Ancient Rome

9. Assemblies: • Made up of Plebeians • Elected representatives • Protected rights of plebeians • Judicial branch consisted of: • 8 judges • Served 1 year • Oversaw courts & governed provinces Ancient Rome

10. Executive branch consisted of: • 2 Consuls • Served 1 year • Consuls had power to: • Command army • Direct gov’t • Veto/Overrule other consul • In times of crisis, consuls would choose a dictator* to rule in place for a limited time. • * - Leader with absolute power. Ancient Rome

11. After the Roman Republic was created, Rome looked to expand its territory. • Dominated central Italy by 300 B.C. • By 275 B.C., Italian peninsula is under Roman control. • Rome didn’t rule conquered people harshly: • Offered citizenship • Allowed to govern themselves Ancient Rome

12. Conquered people had to: • Pay taxes to Rome • Provide soldiers for army • In search of new land, Rome begins the Punic Warsin 264 B.C. • Series of 3 wars against Carthage*. • * - rich, trading North African city • Rome & Carthage fight outside Carthage; Rome wins 1st Punic War easily. Ancient Rome

13. Events of the 2nd Punic War: • Carthage army is led by Hannibal; takes army to Rome • En route, Hannibal’s troop “live off land”* • * - Eat crops/livestock needed; destroy rest • Hannibal reaches Rome’s outer wall; can’t break through • Carthage stays for 6 months • Rome sends troops to Zama while entire Carthaginian army is outside Rome • Hannibal gets word of Rom’s plan; hurries back to defend Zama. • Rome defeats Carthage…again Ancient Rome

14. Following 2nd Punic War (202 B.C), Carthaginian army forced to break apart. • Rome now owns Carthage and it’s lands. • In 146 B.C., Carthage army begins to rebuild; rumors of revolt reach Rome. • Roman army travels to Carthage; destroys Carthaginian army. • City of Carthage destroyed; all survivors are enslaved; salt poured into ground. Ancient Rome

15. As Rome expanded, so did problems. • Unemployment & poverty increase after expansion because: • Conquered people = slaves • Conquered cities = wealth • Large farms = slave labor • Small farms can’t compete = unemployment Unemployment + Poverty Tension / Jealousy / Free time / Violence Ancient Rome

16. Commoners/low class grow increasingly jealous of wealth/power of upper class. • Reformers try to ease the tension by breaking up large estates: • Upper class feels threatened • Reformers killed • Roman generals (wanting more power in Rome) hire poor farmers to serve in army. • Soldiers keep “spoils of war”*. • * - conquered peoples’ money/possessions Ancient Rome

17. As generals become more successful, soldiers become richer. • Soon, soldiers are loyal to generals, not Rome or country. • Civil war breaks out between: • Generals (and armies) loyal to Plebeians • Generals (and armies) loyal to Patricians • Plebeian General: Marius • Patrician General: Sulla Ancient Rome

18. Roman generals (wanting more power in Rome) hire poor farmers to serve in army. • Soldiers keep “spoils of war”*. • * - conquered peoples’ money/possessions • As generals become more successful, soldiers become richer. • Soon, soldiers are loyal to generals, not Rome or country. • Civil war breaks out between: • Generals (and armies) loyal to Plebeians • Generals (and armies) loyal to Patricians Ancient Rome

19. Plebeian General: Marius • Patrician General: Sulla • The civil war lasts many years; patricians win the war; Sulla takes over as dictator. • Other generals use Sulla’s rise to power as a blueprint for their success. • Julius Caesar was: • Roman General • Ambitious • Craved real power Ancient Rome

20. Caesar realized that power started through military victories (Why?). • Caesar won victories in Asia Minor (Turkey) and Gaul (France). • Gave him reputation as brilliant general. • Besides being great general, Caesar was also a great politician. • Known as a reformer. • Supported plebeians. Ancient Rome

21. His open support of lower class gains Caesar more popularity. • Due to his increased popularity, Caesar is seen as a threat to the Roman Republic. • Caesar returns victoriously from Gaul; Senate orders him to break up his army. • Instead, Caesar leads troops through Italy, fighting Senate-controlled army for control of Rome. Ancient Rome

22. Caesar had won against Senate-controlled army; returns to Rome in 46 B.C. as victor/hero. • Upon his return in 46 B.C., Caesar has: • Full support of people of Rome. • Been appointed sole Roman ruler by Senate. • By 44 B.C., Caesar is named dictator for life. • Usually dictators only given 6 month span. Ancient Rome

23. As absolute ruler of Rome, Caesar began reforms to change city. • During his rule, he: • Increased number of Senators in Senate. • Enforced laws • Created jobs for poor • Some Romans, while happy with Caesar, feared he would anoint himself king. Ancient Rome

24. If Caesar declared himself king, it would mean: • Caesar would rule for rest of his life • Caesar’s family would rule after him • Concern over Caesar’s power grew throughout Rome; Senate begins to resent Caesar. • Jealous of power they lost. • 60 Senators are organized by Brutus (Caesar’s close friend) to plot how to kill a “tyrant”. Ancient Rome

25. Assassination of Caesar: • March 14th: • Caesar stopped by fortune teller. • Warned to “Beware Ides of March” (Full moon). • March 15th: • Caesar is called to emergency meeting of Senate. • Arrives at Senate Chamber; joined by Marc Antony. • Antony is stopped outside building. • Caesar enters chamber alone; meets Senators on floor of chamber. • As he’s greeting Senators, he is stabbed by ALL Senators. • Brutus is last to stab Caesar, killing him. • Antony witnesses Brutus’ act; Senators chase him. Ancient Rome

26. What happened to reformers who tried to help Rome? • Why did the Roman Senate provide FREE gladiator games? • Why were soldiers becoming more loyal to generals, not Rome? • Which side did Marius lead in the civil war? Which side won? • Why did Caesar believe power started with military victories? • What title was Caesar given in 44 B.C.? What was unique about it? • Why did the 60 senators want Caesar dead? • Who created the plot to kill Caesar? • What was Caesar warned to beware of? Homework #3 – 4/8/13

27. Following Caesar’s death, Rome plunges into a civil war, due to a lack of leadership. • The war lasts for years; destroys whatever is left of Roman Republic. • Senate, consuls, & assemblies disappear. • Octavian, Caesar’s great-nephew & adopted son, defeats others for power in Rome. • Octavian becomes ruler of Rome in 27 B.C.; changes name to Augustus. Ancient Rome

28. While technically an emperor, Augustus refuses title; called “first citizen” instead. • Augustus restores some aspects of Rome’s old republic: • Senate • Consuls • Assemblies • Tribunes • Rome’s republic was restored, but Augustus had power over all parts of gov’t. Ancient Rome

29. Under Augustus’ leadership, Rome was: • Rebuilt/Beautified • Strengthened (defenses improved) • Efficient through civil service* • Officials employed by gov’t. • Civil Servants: • Collected taxes • Oversaw the postal system • Managed grain supply Ancient Rome

30. Augustus’ rule is labeled PaxRomana*. • * - “Roman Peace”. • PaxRomana, and policies Augustus created, lasted for 200 years. • Under PaxRomana: • Roman empire reached greatest size to date • Army was greatest fighting force in world (300,000) • Gov’t was strong, even in absence of good ruler • Agriculture improves; economy strengthens • Trade increases throughout massive empire • Common currency created; helps trade increase Ancient Rome

31. Life in Rome had problems like major cities of today. • Urban problems plagued Rome, such as: • Food • Water/Sewage • Poor Romans starved while rich Romans ate in excess. • To prevent riots, grain given by gov’t to poor. Ancient Rome

32. To deal with growing spread of disease, Rome builds sewers. • Improved sanitation; stopped spread of disease. • To get water into city, Rome built aqueducts*; carried fresh water into city. • * - Pipes that bring water from source. • With improved water supply, bath houses became essential to Roman life. • Romans would attend bathhouses to: • Bathe • Socialize • Attend events (concerts, plays) Ancient Rome

33. Roles in Roman society were defined by gender. • Fathers: • Owned all property • Had control over members of household • Active in military/gov’t. • Owned/ran businesses • Could vote • Mothers: • Ran household/child-raising • Inherited property; could NOT purchase land • Ran family business when husband away • Could NOT vote Ancient Rome

34. Children: • Middle/lower class children homeschooled • Upper class children sent to private school • Girls stayed home; learned household chores • Girls married by age 14 (arranged) • Boys married by age 17 Ancient Rome

35. What happened to the Roman republic following Caesar’s death? • How was Augustus related to Julius Caesar? • Why did Augustus refuse to be called an emperor? • What is civil service? • What is PaxRomana? How long did it last? • To bring fresh water into Rome, what was created? • What were bathhouses used for? • Who had the power to vote in Roman society? • Where did middle/lower class boys attend school? Homework #4 – 4/10/13

36. Roman religion was loosely based on Greek mythology: • Believed in many gods • Believed gods were in everything (nature) • Worshipped at shrines in home Ancient Rome

37. Roman religion vs. Greek mythology GreekRoman SupremeZeus Jupiter God SupremeHera Juno Goddess God of SeaPoseidon Neptune God of Music,Apollo Apollo Poetry Goddess ofAphrodite Venus Beauty God of War Ares Mars Ancient Rome

38. Despite connections to Greek mythology, Roman religion underwent a MAJOR overhaul. • Christianity develops during the Roman Empire. Ancient Rome

39. Christianity: • Connected to Jewish religion • Believed aMessiah*would save them from foreign rule. • * - Earthly ruler sent by God. • Jesus (Jewish Prophet) born in Bethlehem • Life of Jesus is known from Gospels*. • * - Four written accounts of Jesus. • According to Gospels, Jesus had 12 disciples*. • * - Followers/students • Jesus taught about justice, compassion, & morals. • Also preached about the coming of God’s kingdom. Ancient Rome

40. Christianity (cont’d): • Jesus angered Jewish priests with his teachings: • Forgave those who broke religious laws • Associated with sinners (religious outcasts) • Claimed he was Messiah • Criticized how Roman-controlled Jewish Temple was run • Challenged Roman rule • Following criticism of Temple, Jesus is arrested. • Roman governor (Pontius Pilate) orders him to be executed by crucifixion. • Christianity spreads following Jesus’ execution. • Disciples & Paul help spread the new religion. Ancient Rome

41. Christianity overhauls Roman religion with one fundamental belief: • Monotheism • Under monotheism, people no longer worshipped many gods, just one. • Christianity appealed to everyone because: • It embraced ALL people • Gave hope to powerless • Personal relationship w/ a loving God • Promised eternal life after death Ancient Rome

42. Rome was tolerant of different religions in their empire. • Ex. – Jews weren’t forced to worship Roman gods. • However, Rome wouldn’t allow religion to incite rebellion among it’s people. • When Jewish revolt took place, Rome destroyed their temple. • More people convert to Christianity and refuse to worship Roman gods. • Seen as rebellion to join Christian church • As more people converted, Roman empire is threatened. Ancient Rome

43. By 100 A.D., persecution* of Christians intensified: • * - Hostility against people for religious beliefs • Christians who were persecuted were often: • Jailed • Executed • Some leaders blame Christians for: • Economic problems • Political problems • Man-made/Natural disasters Ancient Rome

44. The persecuted Christians were viewed as martyrs* for their cause. • * - People willing to sacrifice lives for a belief. • Despite constant persecution, Christianity continued to grow in popularity. • In 312 A.D., Emperor Constantine converts to Christianity. • Religion becomes accepted in Rome. • Persecution of Christians ends. Ancient Rome

45. A new church is born out of Rome’s acceptance of Christianity. • The Roman Catholic Church is created based out of Rome. • Roman Catholic Church is organized: • Priests • Bishops • Cardinals • Pope Ancient Rome

46. As empire had stopped expanding, problems arose: • New sources of wealth stopped • Roman army was exhausted from constant war • Sheer size of empire made it hard to govern • To make the empire easier to manage, Roman empire is split in half: • Eastern Empire (Diocletian) • Western Empire (Maximilian) Ancient Rome

47. Capital of Roman Empire was now Constantinople. • Western empire (including Rome) was now vulnerable to attacks. • In 476 A.D., Rome fell under control of Germanic tribes. • Western empire crumbles; all that’s left of Roman Empire is Eastern half. Ancient Rome

48. The Eastern Roman Empire: • Called Byzantine Empire • Ruled by absolute rulers(Justinian) • Lasts for 1,000 yrs. • Empire fell in 1453 A.D. to army of Turks; Roman empire officially ends. • Rome’s lasting legacy included 3 main topics: • Culture • Architecture & Engineering • Religion & Law Ancient Rome

49. Roman culture included improvements in: • Art • Literature • Language • Artistic styles were created in Rome that influenced future artists: • Mosaic • Bas-Relief • In literature, story-types like epics* & oratory** took hold. • * - Long poems about a hero’s adventure • ** - Art of public speaking Ancient Rome

50. Romans (and their empire) spoke Latin, influencing present-day languages: • Spanish • French • Portuguese • Italian • Romanian • English • Romans also introduced new styles of architecture: • Arches • Vaults • Domes Ancient Rome