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Chapter 4 Learning

Chapter 4 Learning. Learning: What does it mean to learn?. Learning is the single largest area of Psychology second only to clinical psychology. Habituation. Works at the neuron level to organismic level. I. Classical Conditioning – learning through association.

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Chapter 4 Learning

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  1. Chapter 4 Learning

  2. Learning: What does it mean to learn? • Learning is the single largest area of Psychology second only to clinical psychology

  3. Habituation • Works at the neuron level to organismic level

  4. I. Classical Conditioning – learning through association • Philosophical roots: English Empiricists • John Locke – Primary and Secondary Qualities • David Hume – Reflection , Cause and Effect

  5. Ideas • Anything that stimulates the CNS

  6. 1. Pavlov and the conditioned reflex • The procedure is what distinguishes classical conditioning from other modes of learning

  7. Condition Stimulus (CS) • A neutral stimulus, can be sound, light or internal craving.

  8. Uncondition Stimulus (UCS) • The natural stimulus that drives a reflex

  9. Uncondition response (UCR) • The basic reflex that is to become controlled by procedure

  10. Condition Response (CR) • The response when driven by the Condition Stimulus

  11. 2. Major phenomena of classical • Two types of procedures

  12. Delay conditioning

  13. Delay Conditioning

  14. Trace Conditioning

  15. 3 Characteristics of Delay Conditioning • The CS starts before the UCS

  16. There is a time period between when the CS in On and the start of the UCS – know as the Inter-Stimulus-Interval (ISI).

  17. Both the CS and the UCS co-terminate.

  18. Pavlov’s study • Condition stimulus was the sound of a metronome

  19. The Uncondition Stimulus (UCS) was meat powder

  20. The uncondition response was drops of salivation

  21. Condition response was salivation

  22. Trial presentation • Trials are presented singularly and continues until some criterion is met or a fixed number of trials completed.

  23. Paired trials • When both the CS and the UCS are presented in a fixed order and time frame.

  24. CS Alone Trials • Periodically only the CS is presented • Known as CS alone trials.

  25. Statistics • Mean and SD change in the timing or magnitude of the paired trials. • Mean and SD of the CS alone trials

  26. Results • In the beginning trials the CS does not elicit the CR

  27. Across trials there is a change in the ability of the CS to drive the CR.

  28. By the end of the trials, both for paired and CS alone trials the CS is able to elicit the CR.

  29. Response Measures • Magnitude increases, time shortens or frequency changes for the behavior

  30. How does one know that one has stimulus control • Use Extinction trials

  31. Present the trials in the manner of Habituation • Repeated presentation of the CS alone will drive the changes that were learned during CS presentation to zero.

  32. EXTINCTION

  33. Eyeblink Studies • First done by Ernest Hilgard in humans, dogs and monkeys.

  34. Modern Studies were started by Isidore Gormenzano

  35. Mauk Studies

  36. What Is The Behavior Measured • A very sharp distinguishable criterion of what constitutes the movement of an eyelid.

  37. Eyelid Movement Changed to an Electrical Potential • An Stainless Steel Wire (0.007 in. by 0.018 cm) Extended From the suture loop in the eyelid to a phototransistor Potentiometer

  38. The movement of the eyelid, closure distance in cm, was changed to voltage by the potentiometer.

  39. CS • Sine Waves of Various Frequencies presented at an intensity of 80dB (SPL)

  40. UCS Airpuff • UCS was calibrated to present to the eye and airpuff of 2 N/cm2 delivered to the cornea of the rabbit through, a 1 mm tuberculin syringe, positioned approximately 1 cm from the cornea.

  41. Criterion Learning • How Many Trials to Learn to a Fixed Criterion: Eight Correct Closures Out of Ten.

  42. Fixed Trial Procedure • Percent of Closures in X Number of Trials

  43. Most Frequently Used Procedure • Total of 108 Trials Divided in 12 Blocks

  44. First Trial of each block is a CS Alone Trial

  45. ACROSS 108 TRIALS: 12 CS ALONE TRIALS AND 12 BLOCKS OF PAIRED CS/UCS TRIALS

  46. What IS MEASURED • NUMBER OF TRIALS IN WHICH AN EYEBLINK WAS MADE • LATENCY to ONSET: TIME IT TAKES FROM CS ONSET TO BEGINNING EYEBLINK

  47. Generalization vs discrimination • Generalization is the tendency to respond to like stimuli the same way.

  48. Generalization gradient

  49. Discrimination training • The correct stimulus is explicitly paired with a given reinforcement (explain). • Or two different responses are paired with two explicitly different stimuli

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