Political and Cultural Developments after WWI: Rise of Socialism, Red Scare, and Prohibition

1. SSUSH16 Investigate how political, economic, and cultural developments after WWI led to a shared national identity.

2. DO NOW: World War I Quiz • What is neutrality? • What year did the US enter the war? • What is the Great Migration? • What was Wilson’s last point in the Fourteen Points? • What did the 18th Amendment do? • What did the 19th Amendment do? • What violation did Germany break by interacting with Mexico (Western Hemisphere) to get America’s attention?

3. a. Explain how fears of rising communism and socialism in the United States led to the Red Scare and immigrant restriction.

4. Rise of socialism & communism: • Karl Marx developed a theory that those who were oppressed would rise up and start revolutions, overthrow their oppressors, & establish new political & economic ideas (capitalists vs. workers) • Workers would get tired of low wages & poor working conditions • Lead to a dictatorship in which all workers would share the means of production & distribution (communism)

5. Rise of socialism & communism: • The number of labor unions rose during WW I because workers liked the idea of controlling the economy • Usually led by communists, unions began using strikes as a means of trying to gain better working conditions, which often turned violent • The fear of the spread of communism in the US was heightened by Marx’s idea of a worker revolution. The mayor of Seattle felt that strikers wanted to “take possession of our American government and try to duplicate the anarchy of Russia”

6. Many Americans feared that capitalism and democracy were in danger from communist threats • The wave of fear and action to protect the US from such a crisis became known as “the Red Scare.” • Most Americans were united to protect the nation’s identity and keep it away from communism.

7. The Red Scare • The danger became increasingly worse when a series of bombings sponsored by a group of Italian group were set off. • The Communists were blamed for sending bombs through the postal system as a way of disrupting the American way of life • General Attorney A. Mitchell Palmer began arresting hundreds of people suspected of being communists(known as the “Palmer Raids”

8. The Red Scare • 556 people were deported as a result of the Palmer Raids • Some people accused Palmer of arresting people based on their beliefs rather than their actions • As a way of limiting “radicals” Congress passed laws limiting foreign immigration to the US

9. Restrictions on immigration: • Things to led to restrictions on immigration: 1. Red Scare 2. People born in the US were superior to immigrants 3. America should keep its traditional culture intact • Anti-immigrant, Anti-Jewish, & Anti-Catholic all helped to the lead to the revival of the KKK, not just in the South but throughout the nation • National Origins Act: established a quota system which set laws on the number of immigrants who could enter the US from each country

10. b. Describe the effects of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Amendments.

11. 18th Amendment: • It became patriotic during WWI to abstain from drinking alcohol, to help preserve grain for troops • The 18th Amendment took effect in 1919 banning the manufacturing, sale, and transportation of alcohol Supporters of prohibition thought that it would reduce unemployment, domestic violence, and poverty. Which groups of people do you think supported prohibition?

12. Prohibition: Those in favor of it: Those against it: Known as “wets” Believed the ban on alcohol did not stop people from drinking Believed Prohibition helped create an atmosphere hypocrisy & increased organized crime • Known as “drys” • Believed Prohibition improved individuals, helped strengthen families, & created better socities • Drinking & liver disease did decrease during Prohibition

13. Prohibition: • An illegal network was created by “wets” where people would make alcohol in homemade stills or smuggled it in from other countries • Known as “bootleggers” • Secret drinking establishments were created called “speakeasies” • Government worked to stop bootleggers & shut down speakeasies, but they were short-handed & the demand for alcohol was too great

14. 18th Amendment The Amendment was extremely difficult to enforce so that by 1933, the 21st Amendment was passed repealing the 18th Amendment Why do you think the 18 Amendment was so difficult to enforce? What wasn’t banned by the 18th Amendment?

15. Nineteenth Amendment (1920) Women’s Suffrage: The right to vote Women’s suffrage movement groups originally tied their cause to that of African-American suffrage

16. 19th Amendment: • Ratified as gratitude for women’s economic contributions during WWI • Women had worked in factories after men left for war • Tactics used for the suffrage movement: demonstrating in front of the White House & driving cross-country to promote the cause • President Wilson eventually supported the women’s cause • Effect: greater equality & independence for women; gender roles began to change; women began to challenge the way they dressed, their activities, & attitudes

17. Question # • What Amendment granted all men the right to vote?

18. c. Examine how mass production & advertising led to increasing consumerism, including Henry Ford & the automobile.

19. Consumerism-encouraged the buying of affordable goods: Mass Production: Advertising: Magazine & newspaper ads often focused on the desires/fears of Americans Convinced people that they could become the person they wanted to be by buying the right products People who did not have cash on hand, bought on credit • Rapid manufacture of large numbers of an identical product • Because products could be made quicker, the price of goods dropped making them more affordable

20. Henry Ford • 1n 1908 Henry Ford began to mass produce cars • Automobiles that the “everyday” man could afford • He paid his workers $5 a day • He sold his original Model “T” for $825

21. Ford used mass production • He built his cars on an assembly line • Each worker had a specific job to do • This helped speed up the building process • Reducing the cost of automobiles

22. The automobile changed how Americans lived • It allowed them to travel greater distances much quicker • Travel became used for vacations • Led to the creation of gas stations, roadside restaurants, & motels • The automobile industry also created growth in other industries such as • The rubber • Glass • And lead industries

23. d. Describe the impact of radio and the movies as a unifying force in the national culture

24. The 1920’s Popular Culture: • Known as the first “modern era” • Americans enjoy more leisure time, weekends, & more money for fun • Included baseball games, movies, radio, and picnics

25. Movies: • With more income & free time, Americans looked for new entertainment • Huge movie palaces and small local theaters became America’s place for cultural learning • First movies were silent, benefited immigrants • Movies in the 1920s helped show “modern” lifestyles to Americans • Charlie Chaplin: most famous comedian of the time

26. Radio: • The first radio broadcasts were the relay the 1920 Presidential Election results • Radio companies such as CBS and NBC were formed in the 1920s • Could listen to music and sports games • Radio allowed listeners to hear instant news of events • Radio provided a way for families to come together to listen to broadcasts

27. e. Describe the emergence of modern forms of cultural expression including the origins of jazz and the Harlem Renaissance.

28. Modernist Movement: • 1920s helped cause a break with Victorian culture & lead to the Modernist Movement • Inspired by European artists, American artists work was abstract, geometric, & created the art deco style • Used materials like aluminum, plastics, & glass • Literature discussed actions that were immoral by the previous generation

29. Harlem Renaissance • First significant artistic movement coming out of Black culture. • Centered in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City • Artists and intellectuals found new ways to explore the historical experiences of black America and the contemporary experiences of black life in the urban North. • African-American artists and intellectuals rejected imitating the styles of Europeans and white Americans and instead celebrated black dignity and creativity.

30. Langston Hughes: • Writer of the Harlem Renaissance • Used rhythms of Black music, particularly blues and jazz • Allowed Hughes to experiment with free verse

31. Jazz music: • First true American music • 1920s is referred to as the “Jazz Age” • Born in the Deep South, believed to have originated from slaves from West Africa combined with Western musical instruments & techniques • Famous jazz musicians of the time included Louis Armstrong & Duke Ellington

32. https://www.biography.com/video/louis-armstrong-mini-biography-11162179733https://www.biography.com/video/louis-armstrong-mini-biography-11162179733 • https://www.biography.com/video/duke-ellington-mini-biography-2078940062