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Reach of NC and SC Technologies, 50 … 100 … 200 MV/m?

Reach of NC and SC Technologies, 50 … 100 … 200 MV/m?. Erk JENSEN, CERN June 2013 EuCARD’13. Disclaimer. I was asked to give this presentation… …because I’m not an expert! … so don’t expect too much, I’ll try and stay basic. The work is from others, the conclusions are mine.

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Reach of NC and SC Technologies, 50 … 100 … 200 MV/m?

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  1. Reach of NC and SC Technologies,50 … 100 … 200 MV/m? Erk JENSEN, CERN June 2013 EuCARD’13

  2. Disclaimer Reach of NC and SC Technologies? I was asked to give this presentation… …because I’m not an expert! … so don’t expect too much, I’ll try and stay basic. The work is from others,the conclusions are mine

  3. KEK Press Release Oct 2005 Reach of NC and SC Technologies?

  4. SC: The present world record? Reach of NC and SC Technologies?

  5. ILC 9-cell cavity ILC RDR: 31.5 MV/m ILC Newsline, Nov-2012 Reach of NC and SC Technologies?

  6. ILC reliable cavity production Reach of NC and SC Technologies? Red: percentage of cavities that reached Blue: percentage of cavities that reached Top and bottom: two different vendors.

  7. SC: Advances in technology Preparing for EP (inserting cathode) Clean room assembly (JLAB) Photos: RongliGeng C. Antoine: CAS SC 2013 Reach of NC and SC Technologies?

  8. Other superconductors? Gurevich, 2007, C. Antoine: CAS SC 2013 • Nb favoured for RF (largest ). • It would be great to use thesuperheated state for RF – limited by fast vortex penetration. • Interesting – should be studied! • If solved, 100 MV/m are in reach! Reach of NC and SC Technologies?

  9. Multilayers (Gurevich, 2006) How to delay vortex penetration? Nb I-S-I-S- outside cavity C. Antoine: CAS SC 2013 Image from Gurevich’s SRF2007 presentation Reach of NC and SC Technologies? Keep Nb, but shield surface from RF field to prevent vertex penetration Use nanometric films () of higher superconductor. Example, NbN: , , film: This is a very promising increase of a factor 200 !!!! Similar improvement to be expected from MgB2 or Nb3Sn!

  10. Multilayers – 1st RF tests, 3.9 GHz Accelerator cavities' operating range 3.88 GHz => RBCS~ 9 x R (1.3 GHz) • Comparison is done with a high performance 1.3 GHz Nb cavity (scaled with ) • Indium gasket presents some defects measured with thermometric map => extra RF losses • Residual resistance comes from NbN+ bulk Nb substrate + indium gasket. Further investigations needed. C. Antoine: CAS SC 2013 Reach of NC and SC Technologies?

  11. Conclusion SC Reach of NC and SC Technologies? • Tremendous progress has been made with Nb cavities! • ILC – the state of the art! • Single cell – reached 53 MV/m • Production aims at 31.5 MV/m • The limit is the surface magnetic field – Nb is now used near this limit • performance of SC cavities limited by surface quality! • looks interesting, but is hard to reach in real cavities. • Multilayers have the potential to extend the reach significantly • … but this technology is not ready yet and needs study!

  12. f in GHz, Ec in MV/m NC structures “classical” limit Normal conducting, on Cu These limits are now known to be wrong – better models exist Reach of NC and SC Technologies?

  13. NC – state of the art, 2000 Reach of NC and SC Technologies?

  14. … but: too many sparks Observed: nominalpulselength doublepulselength halfpulselength … this is quite a hard limit: Reach of NC and SC Technologies?

  15. … quite a hard limit! Observed: nominalpulselength doublepulselength halfpulselength The rapid increase of the breakdown rateindicates some drastic changes near the surface! Reach of NC and SC Technologies?

  16. CLIC accelerating structures W. Wuensch: 7th LC School, 2012 Reach of NC and SC Technologies? Target 100 MV/m accelerating gradient This target is reached – at the correct BDR and with correct pulse length!

  17. Achieved accelerating gradients W. Wuensch: 7th LC School, 2012 Reach of NC and SC Technologies?

  18. What limits the acc. gradient? W. Wuensch: 7th LC School, 2012 Reach of NC and SC Technologies? Electric surface field (Field emission, CLIC: 230 MV/m) Ratio , about 2.2 for CLIC Magnetic surface field (surface current density) Max. pulsed surface heating (CLIC: 45 K) Modified Poynting vector

  19. This allows optimization W. Wuensch: 7th LC School, 2012 Reach of NC and SC Technologies? • Define a figure of merit () to evaluate one given CLIC design/parameter set (here ) • Define parameters to fully describe the design/parameter set • e.g. gradient, frequency, phase advance, aperture, … • Define constraints (max.surface fields, • Run optimizationalgorithm …

  20. FoM =Lbx/N · η RF BD Overall CLIC optimization From beam dynamics: optimum aperture<a> = 2.6 mm Why X-band ? Crossing gives optimum frequency High-power RF optimum aperture:<a>/λ= 0.1…0.12 A. Grudiev, Structure Optimization Reach of NC and SC Technologies?

  21. Materials/heat treatments TD18#3 at SLAC Disk stacking TD18#2 at KEK Reach of NC and SC Technologies?

  22. Evolution of high precision machining Single point diamond turning Up to the 1980’s 1980’s - 1990’s 2000’s - 2010’s Future ? First machines at research institutes and universities • Start of industrialization • Optical recording • contact lenses • Larger machines • Multiple axis ( X/Y/Z and C) • Intelligent machines ? • Robotisation ? Ultra precision diamond milling (lagging more than a decade behind on turning) Up to the 1990’s 1990’s - 2000’s 2010’s Future ? • Milling as add-on on lathes • Lens arrays • Intra ocular lenses • Limited to fly cutting • mirror optics • Laser scanner mirrors • First proto type machines • Micro fluidics • Accelerator parts • Pallet machining? • Robotisation ? Reach of NC and SC Technologies?

  23. High precision machining, surface finish Metrology mark : (2 … 5) nm !!! Reach of NC and SC Technologies?

  24. CLIC Power needs Approximately: CLIC Nominal, unloaded CLIC Nominal, loaded Reach of NC and SC Technologies?

  25. Beam Loading – allows efficiency! choice for CLIC main beam full beam loading – optimum efficiency eta acceleration Reach of NC and SC Technologies?

  26. Conclusion NC Reach of NC and SC Technologies? • Tremendous progress has been made in material science, fabrication and joining techniques with NC accelerating structures. • CLIC – the state of the art! • The goal of 100 MV/m loaded gradient, with correct pulse length and BDR, has been demonstrated • In individual cells, 150 MV/m are regularly reached. • The breakdown rate is a very steep function of the field – an indication that something drastic happens near the metal surface when operating close to the limit • The latter needs deeper study to find mitigation eventually!

  27. Conclusion Reach of NC and SC Technologies? The R&D programs for both NC and SC have triggered fantastic progress in technology, cutting edge fabrication techniques, material science, … Both technologies have a major impact on industry With present day technology, the reach for NC seems to be , limited by a sharp increase in BDR; for Nb based SC, the limit seems to be , limited by . To go beyond, the secret lies at the surface (and just beneath)!

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