Defining Globalization: Stretched Social Relationships, Intensification of Flows, & Increasing Interpenetration

1. Further Defining Globalizationplus Mapping Globalization Egeo312 Based on: A Globalizing World? (Understanding Social Change) by David Held (Paperback - Nov 4, 2004) Defining Globalization

2. Globalization • Hundreds of books and thousands of definitions have been written about globalization. This information from one by David Held enables to compare and exapand the ideas in your reading by Manfred Steger. Defining Globalization

3. Part OneUnderlying Concepts Defining Globalization

4. Key Underlying Concepts Not a consensus on the term Globalization but consensus on its distinctive features • Stretched Social Relationships • Intensification of Flows • Increasing Interpenetration • Global Infrastructure Defining Globalization

5. Stretched Social Relationships • Existence of cultural, economic, and political networks/connections across the world • Increasingly stretched and extended • Instant and routine trans-global interactions become increasingly common • Decision in one place increasingly effects other locations Defining Globalization

6. Stretched Social Relationships Apple Introduces Innovative Cellphone By JOHN MARKOFF NY TIMES: Published: January 10, 2007 SAN FRANCISCO, Jan. 9 — With characteristic showmanship, Steven P. Jobs introduced Apple’s long-awaited entry into the cellphone world Tuesday, pronouncing it an achievement on a par with the Macintosh and the iPod. Defining Globalization

7. Stretched Social Relationships Consequences – it may be easier to maintain contact around the world then across a nearby border • How easy is it to contact Shanghai from Redmond, WA? • What about from Shanghai to DuYang in Sichuan Province? Defining Globalization

8. Intensification of Flows • Increased density of interaction across the globe • Result – impacts of events felt more strongly then ever before Defining Globalization

9. Intensification of Flows Bush fails test of statesmanship Bush is spending well over $200 million each day on losing the war in Iraq. So far, he has offered just $35 million for the millions of people affected by the Asian earthquake / tsunami. We now have one of the biggest natural disasters in human history and it involves the world's largest muslim nation (Indonesia). The scale of this disaster  dwarfs September 11. Thursday, 30 December 2004 in US politics Defining Globalization

10. Intensification of Flows • Consequences – China’s CAFE standards have effected Detroit’s fuel efficiency plans more than what occurs in Washington DC Defining Globalization

11. Increasing Interpenetration • Extent to which apparently distant cultures and societies come face to face at local level creating increased diversity • Or also homogenization Defining Globalization

12. Increasing Interpenetration Keith Ellison First Muslim Congressman By James Joyner , Keith Ellison will become the first Muslim Member of Congress. Defining Globalization

13. Hindi High Musical http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QCWkiEJhteo Defining Globalization http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QCWkiEJhteo

14. Increasing Interpenetration • Consequences – Major cities of developed nations are becoming beacons for 3rd world migrants • Major cities develop their own unique trans-national cultures • Whole neighborhoods of Tokyo have only Iranians in them • Societies may feel their culture, religion, lanuage, economy… is under seige Defining Globalization

15. Global Infrastructure • Infrastructure the underlying formal and informal institutional arrangements that are required for globalization networks to operate • Old WWII set • UN • World Bank & IMF • WTO (originally GATT) Defining Globalization

16. Newer Infastructure • Nation State Based • Free Trade Zones • Resource groups – OPEC • Business Based • Stock Exchanges with international reach • International Credit Markets Defining Globalization

17. Global Infrastructure Defining Globalization

18. Question • Currently what is the world’s largest Free Trade Agreement (FTA) • A. EU • B. NAFTA • C. Other • D. Don’t Know • E. What’s a FTA? Defining Globalization

19. Global Infrastructure The China-ASEAN free-trade agreement Ajar for business Jan 7th 2010 | TOKYOFrom The Economist print edition More breadth than depth A DECADE after it was first mooted, the world’s largest free-trade area by population came broadly into effect on January 1st. The agreement between China and the ten-country Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) covers nearly 1.9 billion people. In terms of economic value, this is the third-largest regional agreement, after only the EU and NAFTA, the North American Free-Trade Agreement. ASEAN has similar agreements with Australia and New Zealand. The dream of an Asia-wide free-trade area with ASEAN at the core is, in some quarters, alive and well. http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displayStory.cfm?story_id=15211682&source=hptextfeature Defining Globalization

20. Global Infrastructure • Consequences – international organizations are supplanting national institutions • Potential consequences – emergence of a few world cities that will become nodes of global power • New age of the City State??? Defining Globalization

21. PART 2Three Schools of Globalization Defining Globalization

22. Three Definitions of Globalization Based on these Key Concepts three major schools of thought on Globalization • Globalists (‘fer sure) • Positive Globalists • Pessimistic Globalists • Internationalists (skeptics) • Transformationalists (just more of the same) Defining Globalization

23. Globalist • Globalization real & tangible & inevitable • Sift in Geography of social relations • Social processes now predominately global phenomena • Impacts felt everywhere • National boundaries Less important Defining Globalization

24. Globalists • Results • National politics, cultures, and economies subsumed into global networks • Local differences, autonomy, and sovereignty decrease • More homogeneous global economy and culture emerging • New global structures emerging creating global rules Defining Globalization

25. Globalization • Parting shot • inevitable trajectory of development • Resistance is doomed "Resistance is futile" is one of two catchphrases used by the Borg in the Star Trek franchise, spoken with the sort of ominous finality the Borg are well-known for. They leave no room for options, and they know that they have overwhelming force on their side. They are powerful, adaptable, and relentless, and they will win in the end, no matter how long it ultimately takes or how many temporary setbacks they encounter. They will never give up, they will adapt to defeat any weapon or tactic used against them, and they will eventually overwhelm and conquer. http://everything2.com/e2node/Resistance%2520is%2520futile Defining Globalization

26. 1. Positive Globalists • Focus on Welcomed Benefits • Stretched social relations can • Improve Quality of Life (QOL) • Raise living standards • Bring people together • Recognize dangers • Environmental stress/pollution could increase • Stress solutions • Joint responsibility to reduce unsustainable consumption • New Technologies will lessen detrimental impacts Defining Globalization

27. 2. Pessimistic Globalists • World less diverse more homogeneous • Result dominance of a few cultures/economies • North over the south • Can impose their vision, resist others • “The American Lifestyle is not up for negotiation” • George Bush the elder at the Rio Conference • Creates definite winners and losers • Focus on plight of women, unskilled workers, aboriginal groups Defining Globalization

28. Inter-nationalists • Skeptical • Find little evidence of fundamental change in social relations • Globalization is a myth or exaggerated • Not a NEW PHENOMENON, • no systemic change • Emphasize continuity between past trends and present and Regional over Global • What goes around, comes around Defining Globalization

29. Inter-nationalists • Degree may have shifted but not the basic situation • True that flows have increases • Historical pattern of who is a winners or loser can sift • But Phenomenon of global uneven relationships has remained • Powerful states still can act in their own interests Defining Globalization

30. Inter-nationalists • Emphasize local/regional • Most economic and social activity is regional not global • Significant role for nation-states remains Trade Flows for 28 OECD states, note few very strong relationships many weak ones Defining Globalization

31. Inter-nationalists • Emphasize historical perspective • Trade is a prehistoric invention • Cultures are always changing from outside influences • 19th century saw “free trade” era ruled by elite countries Defining Globalization

32. Inter-nationalist • Result • Dismiss as globalist rhetoric and ideological crusade by big business calling for dismantling welfare state • Limits on local wages, work rules, & taxes • Limits on local environmental regulations • Instead this school is concerned with • women • unskilled labor • environment Defining Globalization

33. Inter-nationalists • Parting shot • Continuation and progression of earlier regional trade links • More powerful still can act in their own interests regardless • Most economic and social activity is regional not global Defining Globalization

34. Transformationalists • Agree with Inter-nationalists that Globalists Exaggerate their case • Nation-States still powerful • Militarily, politically, economically • However, agree globalization is a significant shift – but question inevitability of the impacts • Thus sort of middle position between other two Defining Globalization

35. Transformationalists • Consequences of globalization are: • complex, diverse, and unpredictable • Uneven in their impact • Hence take more cautious skeptical approach • Autonomy of nation-states is more constrained than in past • Major corporations have agendas other than national ones • There is a need to compete & not be left behind Defining Globalization

36. Transformationalists • Precise form of globalization unknown and unknowable • Not inevitable • May be reversible at least in part Defining Globalization

37. Transformationalists • Parting shot • New forms of Governance will emerge • Based on new progressive structures of democratic accountability • Emphasize interaction between global tendencies and local initiatives • World not on inevitable course • Structures are intensifying and changing • Local initiative can still impact on outcome Defining Globalization

38. Key areas for comparison • Between these three school know where each falls in following areas • Inevitability • Resistance or human influence of outcome • Role of Nation-states • Role for other agencies or local groups • Myth or reality of Globalization • Regional vs Global activity • Positive versus negative outcomes Click for table of comparisons Defining Globalization

39. Mapping Globalization Inspired by on A Globalizing World? (Understanding Social Change)by David Held(Paperback - Nov 4, 2004) Defining Globalization

40. Globalization and Maps Explore Meaning of Globalization through maps How has and is our world depicted through maps • Maps as complex abstractions of reality • Maps as data storage devices • Maps as cultural artifacts Defining Globalization

41. Maps as abstractions • Highly selective • Models of reality • Remove unimportant and extraneous Defining Globalization

42. Maps as abstractions • What does this map emphasize? • What is missing? Defining Globalization

43. Maps as data storage devices • What data is here? Defining Globalization

44. Maps as data storage devices • What is this saying about the current pattern of Globalization? Defining Globalization

45. Maps as cultural artifacts Defining Globalization

46. Maps as cultural artifacts • Mercator Projections Who’s in the middle What are the relative sizes? Defining Globalization

47. Mercator vs Peters Projection How are these different and why? Defining Globalization

48. What does this tell us? Defining Globalization

49. What about this? Any ideas? Defining Globalization