NRM in Southern Sudan Pact Sudan presented at

1. NRM in Southern Sudan (Pact Sudan)presented at Pact Global Natural Resources Management Platform St. George Hotel, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa April 21st – 25th, 2008

2. Pact Sudan Country Program Engaged in Sudan since Nov. 2002 Diverse portfolio, focused broadly on peace-building To support the Sudanese aspirations for peace, stability and development through the successful implementation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement 120 staff, 7 offices with HQ in Juba Funding Sources (approx $8 million/yr) USAID (DG, OTI, OFDA, CMM) Multi Donor Trust Fund (GoSS & WB) UNDP Canadians (DFAIT & CIDA) British (DFID)

3. Project Overview Water program Boreholes, haffirs, water catchments etc… Technically assisting GoSS Ministry of Water & Irrigation Peace building & Conflict Mitigation program Grass-root conflict resolution & peace-building activities Cross-border initiatives – Sudan-Ethiopia Early warning mechanism Community security & stability Local government capacity building activities Youth road work Formal government partners – Southern Sudan Peace Commission (SSPC), and Southern Sudan Demobilization, Disarmament & Reintegration Commission (SSDDRC)

4. Political Context Incipient regional government in South (GOSS) following the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) signed in 2005 6 year interim period including, North-South border demarcation, census, elections & referendum (2011) Weak regulation / legislation / institutional environment Widespread possession of small arms by communities Weak/conflicting political institutions Total dependence of GoSS and the communities on oil for survival High expectations by both government & public/communities

5. Social Context Highly fragmented, traumatized population High rate of returnees with diverse experiences of the war Reintegration of Returnees to places of origin not well supported Inter-communal Conflict ongoing in many areas – fragility of CPA

6. Economic Context Oil rich (especially in border areas) & erratic mineral deposits Land issues/rights becoming increasingly important & contentious – GoSS Interim Constitution stipulates that land belongs to the communities Huge emphasis in the CPA Nomadic pastoralists (limited organized farming) Lifeline largely dependent on Uganda, Kenya and the North Lack of long term investment

7. Business Context Highly politicized environment Little engagement so far from INGOs in NRM China – key player in the north-south relations Kenya & Uganda taking advantage of short term opportunities High risk environment for investors because of local conflicts and poor physical infrastructure High short-term investment reward environment Influence from the North still dominant

8. NRM in Southern Sudan Limited direct project experience in NRM, but becoming increasingly important, especially as: GoSS institutions increase in capacity (legislation, regulation, NRM working group) Civil society is empowered INGOs move from humanitarian to recovery/develop Private sector competition increases Many links to peace building Worked with GoSS ministry of water resources and irrigation during the drafting water policy for Southern Sudan

9. High Value NRin Southern Sudan Oil resources Displacement of dozens of villages (pre-CPA) Only source of revenue for GoSS Contracts signed before CPA not reversible Cause of border dispute between South & North Most oil fields fall in Sudd wetlands i.e. threats to wetlands delicate biodiversity

10. High Value NR continued… Minerals deposits Limited formal extraction but isolated illegal mining happening Contributes to local conflicts Viewed as low priority at the moment Border disputes between North & South – Kafia-kinji, Western BeG & Southern Darfur

11. Low Value NR in Southern Sudan Land Under utilized arable lands i.e. only subsistence farming Land pollution due to improper garbage disposal Rapid urbanization, population growth … Communities feel robbed of land by growing investments Scarcity dissuasive to returnee process Source of conflict: Between GOSS/GONU/State levels Between IDPs/Returnees and host communities Inter-communal (between ethnic groups) – threats to South-South relations Dynamics of growing tensions between agriculturists and pastoralists

12. Low Value NR Continued Forest Resources Weak enforcement of forest policies 100% dependence on forest for household fuel needs (charcoal, wood etc) & construction activities Rampant illegal logging (teak, mahogany, ebony) No community-based forest initiatives

13. Low Value NR Continued Wildlife Resources Trans-boundary initiative between S. Sudan & Uganda (Pact involved) Game & forests reserves/National Parks exist between S. Sudan and DRC, Uganda, Central Africa Republic & Ethiopia Large population of wild animals of high conservation value World Conservation Society (WCS) engaging

14. Low Value NR Continued Water Resources Nile Basin Initiative viewed with political skepticism by SS (Egypt, North & regional interest) Sudd wetlands declared a Ramsar Site in 2006 Jonglei Canal highly politicized issue Lack of facility to monitor water quality Pollution mainly from small scale business activities along the Nile & Oil exploration Abundant fish stock – traditional fishing practice Split among three GoSS ministries – coordination challenges

15. Opportunity Timing – high level of interest and growing awareness within government, civil society communities plus interest of int’l community. Pact’s comparative advantage: building upon Pact Sudan’s past experience and knowledge on resource-based conflicts and network of local partners

16. Challenges Weak policies promoting NRM Low technical capacity to manage natural resources Uncoordinated efforts between technocrats and policy/law makers Rare involvement of the communities in the process of decision-making NRM competing with other agendas

17. Potential Threats to NRM Interests of Multi-national companies Irreversible oil concessions reached before the CPA - maximizing interim period Lack of environmental controls Interests of Northern Govt vs. GoSS Poverty driving communities to exploit environment Weak institutions governing NR

18. Current Initiatives GoSS Natural Resources working group Pact Sudan internal NRM working group Pact Sudan internal NR mapping capacity (with possible support from Pact Madagascar) Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) – involving countries in the basin WCS – focus on wildlife

19. THANK YOU ! Questions?