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Identifying Acids and Bases

Identifying Acids and Bases. pH Formula Name Characteristics Reaction to other substances. Identifying Acids, Bases and Salts. 2. By their formula: Compound Ions Type HX H +   X - acid YOH Y +   OH - base YX Y +   X - salt. Identifying Acids.

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Identifying Acids and Bases

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  1. Identifying Acids and Bases • pH • Formula • Name • Characteristics • Reaction to other substances

  2. Identifying Acids, Bases and Salts 2. By their formula: Compound Ions Type HX H+  X- acid YOH Y+  OH- base YX Y+  X- salt

  3. Identifying Acids Most acids begin with an H: HCl HClO3 H3BO3 HNO3 H2SO4 HN Exceptions: water H20 and acids containing carbon: CH3COOH

  4. Identifying Acids • Acids behave like acids only when dissolved in water. • It is only in solution where they dissociate and give up their protons (H+). • Therefore, acids are often written with subscript (aq) = aqueous solution • egHCl(aq)

  5. Binary Acids Binary Acids • Hydrogen is bonded to a second non-metal: • HCl, HF, HBr, HI, H2S

  6. Naming Acids • Acids must be in solution. • The formula HF does not indicate state of matter: solid compound: hydrogen fluoride in solution: hydrofluoric acid.

  7. Naming Acids • If in aqueous form, use: Hydro……….ic acid eg. HClHydrochloric acid • If no state is given, use: Hydrogen…..….-ide eg. HClHydrogen chloride

  8. Naming Binary Acids Name the acid HI (Hydrogen Iodide): • Start with hydro- • Take anion root -iod • add -ic • Add to end acid • Hydroiodic acid

  9. Naming Binary Acids Name H2S (hydrogen sulfide) as an acid in solution: • Start with Hydro- • Add anion root Sulfur- • Add -ic • Add Acid • Hydrosulfuric Acid

  10. Naming Acids with Oxygen (polyatomic ions) • Do not add hydrogen to these names • Naming depends the anion (-ate, -ite, per-) • If ion ends in "-ate“, add “ic” Eg. NO3 is called nitrate, So HNO3 (hydrogen nitrate) will be nitric acid Eg: hydrogen perchlorate ……HClO4 (aq) will be perchloric acid

  11. Naming Acids Example SO42- Sulfate H2SO4 Hydrogen sulfate or H2SO4 (aq) Sulfuric acid

  12. Naming Acids • CH3COO- acetate ion • CH3COOH hydrogen acetate • CH3COOH (aq) acetic acid • BrO3- bromate • HBrO3 hydrogen bromate • HBrO3 (aq) bromic acid

  13. Naming Acids: Polyatomic with Oxygen • Polyatomic ion ending in “–ite”, The acid will end in "-ous." Example: ClO2- anion is chlorite, HClO2 is called chlorous acid

  14. Naming Acids • SO32- Sulfite ion • H2SO3 hydrogen sulfite • H2SO3 (aq) sulfurous acid

  15. Naming Acids: Polyatomic with Oxygen Example, the perchlorate ion is ClO4-, HClO4 (aq) is called perchloric acid.

  16. Naming Acids Summary • Binary Acids: hydro……ic acid • Containing Polyatomic ion with Oxygen: Anion Acid Ends with –ate ……………ic acid Ends with –ite ………..…ous acid Starts with per- per…………ic acid Starts with hypo- hypo……..ous acid

  17. Common Acids • Hydrochloric acid – stomach acid (HCl) • Muriatic acid – pool disinfectant (also HCl) • Acetic acid - vinegar , CH₃COOH • Citric acid – lemon juice, C₆H₈O₇ • Lactic acid - fermented milk CH₃CHCO₂H • Ascorbic acid – vitamin C, C6H8O6 • sufuric acid – battery acid, H2SO4 • Nitro-hydrochloric acid -Aqua regia

  18. Bases • Bases can be identified by their chemical formula: The chemical formula of a base usually ends with hydroxide ion (-OH). • Bases usually start with a metal or NH4 + See page 227

  19. Bases • Bases, like acids, behave like bases only when dissolved in water. • Therefore, bases are often written with subscript (aq) = aqueous = in solution

  20. Naming Bases- Strong • Most strong bases contain hydroxide (OH), a polyatomic ion. • Therefore, the naming strong bases follows same rules for naming ionic compounds: anion + cation • NaOH is sodium hydroxide, • KOH is potassium hydroxide, • Ca(OH)2 is calcium hydroxide.

  21. Naming Bases-Weak • Weak bases made of ionic compounds are also named using the ionic naming system. • NH4OH is ammonium hydroxide.

  22. Common Household Bases NaOH(aq) draino, caustic soda, lye, soap NaClO (aq) sodium hypochlorite-bleach Mg(OH)2(aq) antacid Ca (OH)2(aq) slaked lime NH4OH(aq) ammonium hydroxide, cleaning products Na2CO3 sodium carbonate (washing soda) NaHCO3 sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) See page 227

  23. Fun Facts about Bases • Sodium hydroxide is used to make soap. • Ammonium hydroxide is used to remove ink from clothes and remove grease from windows. • Bases are molecules which attract hydrogen ions from acidic molecules. • All alkalies (basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal) are bases, but not all bases are alkalies. • Baking soda can be used to fight fires by obstructing the flow of oxygen.

  24. Properties of Acids and Bases See page 229 Take the Section 5.1 Quiz

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