Characteristics and Classification of Organisms

1. A biologist discovers a new unicellullar organism that possesses more than two flagella and two small, but equal-sized, nuclei. The organism has reduced mitochondria (mitosomes), no chloroplasts, and is anaerobic. To which clade does this organism probably belong? A) monera B) the diplomonads C) the ciliates D) protista E) the euglenids Theoretically, which two of the following present the richest potential sources of silica? 1. marine sediments consisting of foram tests 2. marine sediments consisting of diatom cases (valves) 3. marine sediments consisting of radiolarian shells 4. marine sediments consisting of dinoflagellate plates A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 4 C) 2 and 3 D) 2 and 4 E) 3 and 4 The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence? A) cyanobacteria → green algae → land plants B) cyanobacteria → green algae → fungi → land plants C) red algae → brown algae → green algae → land plants D) red algae → cyanobacteria → land plants E) cyanobacteria → red algae → green algae → land plants

2. Protists are alike in that all are A) unicellular. B) eukaryotic. C) symbionts. D) monophyletic. E) autotrophic. 2) Biologists have long been aware that the defunct kingdom Protista is paraphyletic. Which of these statements is both true and consistent with this conclusion? A) Many species within this kingdom were once classified as monerans. B) Animals, plants, and fungi arose from different protist ancestors. C) The eukaryotic condition has evolved only once among the protists, and all eukaryotes are descendants of that first eukaryotic cell. D) Chloroplasts among various protists are similar to those found in prokaryotes. E) Some protists, all animals, and all fungi share a protist common ancestor, but these protists, animals, and fungi are currently assigned to three different kingdoms. According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate? A) from infoldings of the plasma membrane, coupled with mutations of genes for proteins in energy-transfer reactions B) from engulfed, originally free-living prokaryotes C) by secondary endosymbiosis D) from the nuclear envelope folding outward and forming mitochondrial membranes E) when a protoeukaryote engaged in a symbiotic relationship with a protobiont

3. If the Archaeplastidae are eventually designated a kingdom, and if the land plants are excluded from this kingdom, then what will be true of this new kingdom? A) It will be monophyletic. B) It will more accurately depict evolutionary relationships than does the current taxonomy. C) It will be paraphyletic. D) It will be a true clade. E) It will be polyphyletic Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of A) evolution from mitochondria. B) fusion of plastids. C) origin of the plastids from archaea. D) secondary endosymbiosis. E) budding of the plastids from the nuclear envelope. Indicate the type of protist(s) that is being described by each statement: Red tide ____________ Emulsifier ___________ Most abundant algae ___________ Sleeping sickness __________ Diarrhea ________

5. Fungi produce _____ spores. dikaryotic heterokaryotic haploid diploid triploid Karyogamy produces a _____. diploid zygote haploid zygote spores mycelium hypha Which of these contains two haploid nuclei? the heterokaryotic stage of the fungal life cycle zygote spore-producing structures mycelium hypha

7. Lab 27: Survey of Fungi

8. Phylum Zygomycota: Bread molds • Procedure 27.2 Rhizopus(agar plate demo) • observe under dissecting scope • Sketch and label • hypha, mycelium and sporangium • Asexual reproduction • Prepared slide of Rhizopus sporangia • sketch and label • sporangiophore and sporangium

9. Phylum Zygomycota: Bread molds • Sexual reproduction • Procedure 27.3 Rhizopus(prepared slide) • follow step 5 on page 301 • Sketch and label • two parent hyphae and • zygosporangium

10. Phylum Ascomycota (Penicillium) • Procedure 27.4 Examine fungi (demo plates) • follow step 1-3, • sketch each under the dissecting scope • Procedure 27.5 Examine Penicillium(prepared slide) • Asexual reproduction • Sketch slide and label conidia (spores) and conidiophore • the sexual stage of Penicilliumis not known

11. Phylum Ascomycota (Aspergillus) • Label conidia and conidiophore used in production of soy sauce and Sake

12. Phylum Ascomycota (yeast) • Procedure 27.6 Make your own slide of yeast • yeast divide asexually by budding • follow step 1-2, • sketch yeast

13. Phylum Ascomycota (Peziza) • Procedure 27.6 prepared slide of Pezizaascocarp • Sexual reproduction • follow step 4, • sketch slide and label ASCUS AND SPORE • answer question 6

14. Phylum Ascomycota (sketch specimens) • Powdery mildew • Morel • Ergot

15. Phylum Basidiomycota: • Procedure 27. 8 Coprinusprepared slide • follow steps 1-5, • Sketch at low and high power • on each sketch label gill, basidium • and spore

16. Phylum Basidiomycota (observe specimens) • Puff ball • Releasing spores • Bracket fungus • Corn smut • Earth star

17. Lichens • The fungus is usually an ascomycetes • Procedure 27. 9 • follow step 1 (prepared slide of lichen thallus) • sketch and label: algal cell and hyphae

18. Lichens • follow step 2 (lichen specimens) • sketch one crustose, one foliose • and one fruticose

19. End of chapter questions 1, 2, 7, 8