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ISTONI altamente conservate, proteine piccole, basiche

H1. ISTONI altamente conservate, proteine piccole, basiche. Linker histone. H2A. H2B. helix. Core histones. variable. H3. H4. conserved. N. Histone octamer. H3-H4 tetramer. H2A-H2B dimer. Assemblaggio dell’ottamero degli istoni. Fibra a collana di perle.

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ISTONI altamente conservate, proteine piccole, basiche

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  1. H1 ISTONIaltamente conservate, proteine piccole, basiche Linker histone H2A H2B helix Core histones variable H3 H4 conserved N

  2. Histone octamer H3-H4 tetramer H2A-H2B dimer Assemblaggio dell’ottamero degli istoni

  3. Fibra a collana di perle

  4. Taglio della Nucleasi Micrococcale

  5. Chromatinfibers 11 nm (beads) 30 nm chromatin fiber

  6. L’ottamero istonico organizza 147 bp < 11 nm > • Each core histone dimer • has 6 DNA binding surfaces • that organize 3 DNA turns; • The histone octamer • organizes 147 bp of DNA • in 1 3/4 helical turn of DNA: • 48 nm of DNA packaged in a disc of 6 x 11nm < 6 nm >

  7. Struttura desunta dalla cristallografia Luger, K., Maeder, A. W., Richmond, R. K., Sargent, D. F. & Richmond, T. J. Crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle at 2.8 Å resolution. Nature 389, 251-260 (1997)

  8. Meccanismi di posizionamento nucleosomale • Replicazione • Interazioni DNA/istoni • Proteine posizionatrici • Strutture fiancheggianti (boundaries) • Folding della cromatina

  9. Replicazione IPOTESI: i nucleosomi si formano rapidamente dopo la replicazione e tendono ad allinearsi regolarmente a partire dall’origine di replicazione NON esistono evidenze sperimentali che supportino questa ipotesi… al contrario... UNFI e ARS Three nucleosomes are positioned in the so-called ARS sequences, and are stable at low and high levels of digestion. The TRP1 gene region is covered by four nucleosomes, but they are neither randomly arranged nor precisely positioned. They are not stable and rearrange or disintegrate during digestion. The nucleosomal regions are separated by two segments of DNA (A, B), each about 180 base-pairs long, which are very sensitive to DNAase I and micrococcal nuclease and therefore presumably not packed in nucleosomes. Region B is found 5' to the TRP1 gene and might be related to transcription, whereas region A is centered around the termination codon of the TRP1 gene and the putative origin of replication.

  10. Proteine posizionatrici IPOTESI: proteine NON-istoniche accompagnano le proteine istoniche nella “giusta” posizione Proteine purificate da una scimmiasi legano in modo preferenziale alle sequenze ALFA-satellite del DNA… ACCOMPAGNATRICI?????

  11. Segnali di Confine • Siti ipersensibili alle nucleasi: • privi di nucleosomi stabili • localizzati in regioni promotori al 5’ o in zone al 3’ dei geni • strutture cruciformi e DNA tipo Z Favoriscono una localizzazione nucleosomale fortemente regolarizzata La regolarità diminuisce in modo proporzionale all’aumento della distanza dal segnale 1. Interazione di URA3 nel plasmide TRP1-ARS di S. cerevisiae (Thoma, 1986) 2. Proteina grf2 che lega la UASG e scatena rimodellamento (Chasman et al., 1990) 3. Boundary e Insulator

  12. Segnali di Confine Esempio:strutture cruciformi Esempio: blocco dello “spreading” dell’eterocromatina

  13. Code degli istoni

  14. Code degli istoni Modificazioni istoniche note e ben caratterizzate sono: metilazione acetilazione ADP ribosilazione ubiquitinazione fosforilazione The contemporary occurrence and the possible mutual influence of more than one modification at a time should be considered

  15. Codice degli istoni

  16. Interazioni DNA/istoni Le code degli istoni escono dalla particella nucleosomale globulare...

  17. THE HISTONE SONG (Sulla musica dei "Flintstones") Histones!Meet the Histones!They're a basic protein family.There areJust four subtypes.They're conserved evolutionarily. Two eachOf each histoneDo their thing.FormingJust like beads upon a string. H1Binds the complex.And it inhibits new transcriptionAnd the creationOf new mRNA.

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