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Cervus elaphus

Cervus elaphus. Ecology and Distribution.

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Cervus elaphus

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  1. Cervus elaphus

  2. Ecology and Distribution • Red deer typically occur in “natural forests, planted forests, grasslands, shrublands” and the tundra. They occur in many countries all around the world including: Austria, Belgium, China, Canada, Germany, Iran, Poland, Russia, etc. Furthermore, they have also been introduced to a variety of different areas. The are generally found in mountainous regions of the countries they populate and typically spend there winters in the valleys of those regions, (Adams, 1982). • Some species migrate up to 97km annually. Calving in this species typically occurs in the months of June – July, with females producing only one calf/fawn.

  3. Ground counts A minimum of 13 counters will follow a pre-planned route and count the number of deer passing behind them. • Count the site 3 times on consecutive days. • Counters must follow the same routs for all counts and routes must be designed in a way that counters are able to see each other. • If a deer is spotted, it may only be recorded after confirming it with the adjacent counters.

  4. Helicopter visual counts • A site would be counted a minimum of three times. • Counts are done successively within the year of study. • Generally three people are used: a spotter/ navigator as well as two spotter/ recorders. • The helicopter will fly at various speeds and altitudes, following pre-planned routes. • Routes should cover ground effectively and account for likely deer movement.

  5. Dung counts • The most time consuming method and requires the most labour. • “Dung plots” are established. • Plots are chosen at random, using random co-ordinates and are then located using a GPS. • A minimum of 30 plots should be obtained and should have a density of about one plot for every 150 ha. • At each plot a 100m line, running north of the plot should be measured and marked. • The ground is then searched for dear dropping groups, 1m on either side of the line. • Number of deer dropping groups recorded and removed from the line • Droppings classified as deer dropping by looking at the size, shape and quantity. • These counts are then converted to population estimates by converting the number of groups counted over the plots, to density of groups per hectare and then dividing that density by the average number of groups produced per day by deer. This number is then divided by the number of days pellets are present.

  6. References • Daniels MJ(2006) Estimating Red Deer Cervus elaphus populations: an analysis of variation and cost-effectiveness of counting methods. Mammal society, mammal Review,36(2),235-247 • Geist V (1998)Deer of the world: their evolution, behaviour and ecology. Stackpole books.pp, 202. ISBN 0811 704 963 • Lovari S, Herrero J, Conroy J, Maran T, Giannatos G, Stubbe M, Aulagnier S, Jdeidi T, Masseti M,Nader L, de Smet K & Cuzin F (2008) Cervus elaphus. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red list of threatened species. http://www.redlist.org/. downloaded 26 July 2010 • Ludt CJ, Schroeder W, Rootman O &Kuehn R (2004) Motichondrial DNA phylogeography of red deer (Cervus elaphus). Molecular phylogenetics and evolution,31, 1064-1083 • Nugent G & Fraser W (2005) Red Deer. In C.M. King (ED): The handbook of New Zealand Mammals, second edition, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, pp 401-420

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