1 / 55

Boundless Lecture Slides

Boundless Lecture Slides. Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com. Using Boundless Presentations. Boundless Teaching Platform

niabi
Download Presentation

Boundless Lecture Slides

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. Regulation of Gene Expression Gene Expression Prokaryotic Gene Regulation Eukaryotic Gene Regulation Regulating Gene Expression in Cell Development ] Cancer and Gene Regulation Gene Expression Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Gene Expression > Regulation of Gene Expression Regulation of Gene Expression • The Process and Purpose of Gene Expression Regulation • Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Gene Expression Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/gene-expression-16/regulation-of-gene-expression-111/

  6. Gene Expression > Prokaryotic Gene Regulation Prokaryotic Gene Regulation • The trp Operon: A Repressor Operon • Catabolite Activator Protein (CAP): An Activator Regulator • The lac Operon: An Inducer Operon Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/gene-expression-16/prokaryotic-gene-regulation-112/

  7. Gene Expression > Eukaryotic Gene Regulation Eukaryotic Gene Regulation • The Promoter and the Transcription Machinery • Transcriptional Enhancers and Repressors • Epigenetic Control: Regulating Access to Genes within the Chromosome • RNA Splicing • The Initiation Complex and Translation Rate • Regulating Protein Activity and Longevity Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/gene-expression-16/eukaryotic-gene-regulation-113/

  8. Gene Expression > Regulating Gene Expression in Cell Development Regulating Gene Expression in Cell Development • Gene Expression in Stem Cells • Cellular Differentiation • Mechanics of Cellular Differentation • Establishing Body Axes during Development • Gene Expression for Spatial Positioning • Cell Migration in Multicellular Organisms • Programmed Cell Death Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/gene-expression-16/regulating-gene-expression-in-cell-development-117/

  9. Gene Expression > Cancer and Gene Regulation Cancer and Gene Regulation • Altered Gene Expression in Cancer • Epigenetic Alterations in Cancer • Cancer and Transcriptional Control • Cancer and Post-Transcriptional Control • Cancer and Translational Control Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/gene-expression-16/cancer-and-gene-regulation-118/

  10. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  11. Gene Expression Key terms • acetylationthe reaction of a substance with acetic acid or one of its derivatives; the introduction of one or more acetyl groups into a substance • activatorany chemical or agent which regulates one or more genes by increasing the rate of transcription • anencephalya lethal birth defect in which most of the brain and parts of the skull are missing; absence of the encephalon • apoptosisa process of programmed cell death • autologousderived from part of the same individual (i.e. from the recipient rather than the donor) • autophagya type of programmed cell death accomplished through self-digestion • blastocystthe mammalian blastula formed during development where the inner cell mass can be found which forms the embryo • bleban irregular bulge in the plasma membrane of a cell • cancera disease in which the cells of a tissue undergo uncontrolled (and often rapid) proliferation • cancera disease in which the cells of a tissue undergo uncontrolled (and often rapid) proliferation • chemotaxisthe movement of a cell or an organism in response to a chemical stimulant • differentiateto produce distinct cells, organs or to achieve specific functions by a process of development Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  12. Gene Expression • enhancera short region of DNA that can increase transcription of genes • epigeneticthe study of heritable changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence • epigeneticsthe study of heritable changes caused by the activation and deactivation of genes without any change in DNA sequence • epigeneticsthe study of heritable changes caused by the activation and deactivation of genes without any change in DNA sequence • exona region of a transcribed gene present in the final functional RNA molecule • exosomea vesicle responsible for the selective removal of plasma membrane proteins • extracellular matrixAll the connective tissues and fibres that are not part of a cell, but rather provide support. • gastrulationthe stage of embryo development at which a gastrula is formed from the blastula by the inward migration of cells • genomethe cell's complete genetic information packaged as a double-stranded DNA molecule • histoneany of various simple water-soluble proteins that are rich in the basic amino acids lysine and arginine and are complexed with DNA in the nucleosomes of eukaryotic chromatin • inner cell massa mass of cells within a primordial embryo that will eventually develop into the distinct form of a fetus in most eutherian mammals • introna portion of a split gene that is included in pre-RNA transcripts but is removed during RNA processing and rapidly degraded Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  13. Gene Expression • laminarof fluid motion, smooth and regular, flowing as though in different layers • metastasisthe transference of a bodily function or disease to another part of the body; specifically the development of a secondary area of disease remote from the original site, as with some cancers • methylationthe addition of a methyl group to cytosine and adenine residues in DNA that leads to the epigenetic modification of DNA and the reduction of gene expression and protein production • microRNAa single-stranded, non-coding form of RNA, having only about 20-30 nucleotides, that has a number of functions including the regulation of gene expression • morulaa spherical mass of blastomeres that forms following the splitting of a zygote; it becomes the blastula • neural tubehollow longitudinal dorsal tube formed in the folding and subsequent fusion of the opposite ectodermal folds in the embryo that gives rise to the brain and spinal cord • neurulationthe process by which the beginnings of the vertebrate nervous system is formed in embryos • notochorda flexible rodlike structure that forms the main support of the body in the lowest chordates; a primitive spine • nucleosomeany of the subunits that repeat in chromatin; a coil of DNA surrounding a histone core • nucleosomeany of the subunits that repeat in chromatin; a coil of DNA surrounding a histone core • oncogeneany gene that contributes to the conversion of a normal cell into a cancerous cell when mutated or expressed at high levels • operatora segment of DNA to which a transcription factor protein binds Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  14. Gene Expression • operona unit of genetic material that functions in a coordinated manner by means of an operator, a promoter, and structural genes that are transcribed together • operona unit of genetic material that functions in a coordinated manner by means of an operator, a promoter, and structural genes that are transcribed together • organogenesisthe formation and development of the organs of an organism from embryonic cells • phosphorylationthe addition of a phosphate group to a compound; often catalyzed by enzymes • pluripotentable to develop into more than one mature cell or tissue type, but not all • pluripotentable to develop into more than one mature cell or tissue type, but not all • post-translational modificationthe chemical modification of a protein after its translation; one of the later steps in protein biosynthesis, and thus gene expression, for many proteins • progenitor cella biological cell that, like a stem cell, has a tendency to differentiate into a specific type of cell, but is already more specific than a stem cell and is pushed to differentiate into its "target" cell. • promoterthe section of DNA that controls the initiation of RNA transcription • promoterthe section of DNA that controls the initiation of RNA transcription • proteasomea complex protein, found in bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic cells, that breaks down other proteins via proteolysis • proteomethe complete set of proteins encoded by a particular genome Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  15. Gene Expression • proteomethe complete set of proteins encoded by a particular genome • proteomethe complete set of proteins encoded by a particular genome • proto-oncogenea gene that promotes the specialization and division of normal cells that becomes an oncogene following mutation • reading frameeither of three possible triplets of codons in which a DNA sequence could be transcribed • repressorany protein that binds to DNA and thus regulates the expression of genes by decreasing the rate of transcription • repressorany protein that binds to DNA and thus regulates the expression of genes by decreasing the rate of transcription • repressorany protein that binds to DNA and thus regulates the expression of genes by decreasing the rate of transcription • RNA polymerasea DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, an enzyme, that produces RNA • somaticpart of, or relating to the body of an organism • somiteone of the paired masses of mesoderm distributed along the sides of the neural tube that will eventually become dermis, skeletal muscle, or vertebrae • spliceosomea dynamic complex of RNA and protein subunits that removes introns from precursor mRNA • targeted therapya type of medication that blocks the growth of cancer cells by interfering with specific targeted molecules rather than by interfering with rapidly dividing cells Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  16. Gene Expression • TATA boxa DNA sequence (cis-regulatory element) found in the promoter region of genes in archaea and eukaryotes • totipotencythe ability of a cell to produce differentiated cells upon division • transcriptionthe synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA • transcription factora protein that binds to specific DNA sequences, thereby controlling the flow (or transcription) of genetic information from DNA to mRNA • transcription factora protein that binds to specific DNA sequences, thereby controlling the flow (or transcription) of genetic information from DNA to mRNA • ubiquitina small polypeptide present in the cells of all eukaryotes; it plays a part in modifying and degrading proteins Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  17. Gene Expression Enhancers An enhancer is a DNA sequence that promotes transcription. Each enhancer is made up of short DNA sequences called distal control elements. Activators bound to the distal control elements interact with mediator proteins and transcription factors. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Eukaryotic Transcription Gene Regulation. November 2, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44538/latest/View on Boundless.com

  18. Gene Expression Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Gene Expression Prokaryotic transcription and translation occur simultaneously in the cytoplasm, and regulation occurs at the transcriptional level. Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated during transcription and RNA processing, which take place in the nucleus, and during protein translation, which takes place in the cytoplasm. Further regulation may occur through post-translational modifications of proteins. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Regulation of Gene Expression. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44534/latest/Figure_16_01_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  19. Gene Expression Programmed Cell Death This histological section of a foot of a 15-day-old mouse embryo, visualized using light microscopy, reveals areas of tissue between the toes, which apoptosis will eliminate before the mouse reaches its full gestational age at 27 days. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Response to the Signal. December 10, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44453/latest/Figure_09_03_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  20. Gene Expression Transcription Factors Transcription factors, especially some that are proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressors, help regulate the cell cycle; however, when regulation gives rise to cancer cells, then transcriptional control of gene expression is affected. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Transcription Factors."CC BYhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Transcription_Factors.svgView on Boundless.com

  21. Gene Expression Mechanism of Splicing Alternative splicing can result in protein isoforms. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Splicing overview."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Splicing_overview.jpgView on Boundless.com

  22. Gene Expression Alternative Splicing Pre-mRNA can be alternatively spliced to create different proteins. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44539/latest/Figure_16_05_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  23. Gene Expression Ubiquitin Tags Proteins with ubiquitin tags are marked for degradation within the proteasome. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44542/latest/Figure_16_06_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  24. Gene Expression Translation Initiation Complex Gene expression can be controlled by factors that bind the translation initiation complex. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44542/latest/Figure_16_06_01.pngView on Boundless.com

  25. Gene Expression Alternative Splicing There are five basic modes of alternative splicing. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44539/latest/Figure_15_04_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  26. Gene Expression Apoptosis This video describes the process of apoptosis, or programmed cell death. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

  27. Gene Expression Neural Tube Formation The central region of the ectoderm forms the neural tube, which gives rise to the brain and the spinal cord. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. December 10, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44850/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  28. Gene Expression Somites In this five-week old human embryo, somites are segments along the length of the body. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. December 10, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44850/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  29. Gene Expression Cell Differentiation Mechanics of cellular differentiation can be controlled by growth factors which can induce cell division. In asymetric cell division the cell will be induced to differentiate into a specialized cell and the growth factors will work in tandem. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Cell Differentiation."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cell_Differentiation.jpgView on Boundless.com

  30. Gene Expression Symmetric and Asymmetric Division This diagram illustrates stem cell division and differentiation, through the processes of (1) symmetric stem cell division, (2) asymmetric stem cell division, (3) progenitor division, and (4) terminal differentiation. Stem cells are indicated by (A), progenitor cells by (B), and differentiated cells by (C). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Stem cell division and differentiation."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stem_cell_division_and_differentiation.svgView on Boundless.com

  31. Gene Expression Stem Cells Pluripotent, embryonic stem cells originate as inner cell mass (ICM) cells within a blastocyst. These stem cells can become any tissue in the body, excluding a placenta. Only cells from an earlier stage of the embryo, known as the morula, are totipotent, able to become all tissues in the body and the extraembryonic placenta. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Stem cells diagram."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stem_cells_diagram.pngView on Boundless.com

  32. Gene Expression The trp operon The five genes that are needed to synthesize tryptophan in E. coli are located next to each other in the trp operon. When tryptophan is plentiful, two tryptophan molecules bind the repressor protein at the operator sequence. This physically blocks the RNA polymerase from transcribing the tryptophan genes. When tryptophan is absent, the repressor protein does not bind to the operator and the genes are transcribed. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Prokaryotic Gene Regulation. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44535/latest/Figure_16_02_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  33. Gene Expression Gene Expression The genetic content of each somatic cell in an organism is the same, but not all genes are expressed in every cell. The control of which genes are expressed dictates whether a cell is (a) an eye cell or (b) a liver cell. It is the differential gene expression patterns that arise in different cells that give rise to (c) a complete organism. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Introduction. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44533/latest/Figure_16_00_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  34. Gene Expression Epigenetic Alterations in Cancer Cells In cancer cells, silencing genes through epigenetic mechanisms is a common occurrence. Mechanisms can include modifications to histone proteins and DNA associated with these silencing genes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Epigenetic alterations in tumour progression."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Epigenetic_alterations_in_tumour_progression.svgView on Boundless.com

  35. Gene Expression Catabolite Activator Protein (CAP) Regulation When glucose levels fall, E. coli may use other sugars for fuel, but must transcribe new genes to do so. As glucose supplies become limited, cAMP levels increase. This cAMP binds to the CAP protein, a positive regulator that binds to an operator region upstream of the genes required to use other sugar sources. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Prokaryotic Gene Regulation. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44535/latest/Figure_16_02_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  36. Gene Expression Promoters A generalized promoter of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II is shown. Transcription factors recognize the promoter. RNA polymerase II then binds and forms the transcription initiation complex. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Eukaryotic Transcription November 2, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44524/latest/View on Boundless.com

  37. Gene Expression The lac Operon Transcription of the lac operon is carefully regulated so that its expression only occurs when glucose is limited and lactose is present to serve as an alternative fuel source. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Prokaryotic Gene Regulation. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44535/latest/Figure_16_02_03.pngView on Boundless.com

  38. Gene Expression DNA Packaging DNA is folded around histone proteins to create (a) nucleosome complexes. These nucleosomes control the access of proteins to the underlying DNA. When viewed through an electron microscope (b), the nucleosomes look like beads on a string. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44536/latest/Figure_16_03_01ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  39. Gene Expression Proto-oncogenes Can Become Oncogenes When mutated, proto-oncogenes can become oncogenes and cause cancer due to uncontrolled cell growth. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Comcast."Kimball's Biology Pages."CC BY 3.0http://home.comcast.net/~john.kimball1/BiologyPages/F/FramesVersion.htmlView on Boundless.com

  40. Gene Expression MicroRNA Overexpression of miRNAs could be detrimental to normal cellular activity because miRNAs bind to the 3' UTR of RNA molecules to degrade them. Specific types of miRNAs are only found in cancer cells. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."MiRNA."CC BYhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MiRNA.svgView on Boundless.com

  41. Gene Expression Cell Migration Phase images of BSC 1 cells migrating in a scratch assay in the absence of serum over a period of 15 hours. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

  42. Gene Expression Vertebrate Axis Formation Animal bodies have three axes for symmetry:lateral-medial (left-right), dorsal-ventral (back-belly), and anterior-posterior (head-feet). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. December 11, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44850/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  43. Gene Expression Hematopoiesis: the differentiation of multipotent cells The process of hematopoiesis involves the differentiation of multipotent cells into blood and immune cells. The multipotent hematopoietic stem cells give rise to many different cell types, including the cells of the immune system and red blood cells. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Cellular Differentiation. December 11, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m46036/1.4/View on Boundless.com

  44. Gene Expression Transcription Factors Regulate Gene Expression While each body cell contains the organism's entire genome, different cells regulate gene expression with the use of various transcription factors. Transcription factors are proteins that affect the binding of RNA polymerase to a particular gene on the DNA molecule. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Cellular Differentiation. December 11, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m46036/1.4/View on Boundless.com

  45. Gene Expression Neural Tube Transverse section of half of a chick embryo of forty-five hours' incubation. The dorsal (back) surface of the embryo is toward the top of this page, while the ventral (front) surface is toward the bottom. (Neural tube is in green. ) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia.Public domainhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gray19_with_color.pngView on Boundless.com

  46. Gene Expression Neural Tube Formation The central region of the ectoderm forms the neural tube, which gives rise to the brain and the spinal cord. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. December 11, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44850/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  47. Gene Expression Using Gene Expression in Targeted Therapy Scientists are using knowledge of the regulation of gene expression in individual cancers to develop new ways to treat target diseased cells and prevent the disease from occurring. Target therapies exploit the overexpression of a specific protein or gene mutation to develop new medications against the specific cancer. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Breast invasive scirrhous carcinoma histopathology (2) HER2 expression."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Breast_invasive_scirrhous_carcinoma_histopathology_(2)_HER2_expression.JPGView on Boundless.com

  48. Gene Expression Nucleosomes can change position to allow transcription of genes Nucleosomes can slide along DNA. When nucleosomes are spaced closely together (top), transcription factors cannot bind and gene expression is turned off. When the nucleosomes are spaced far apart (bottom), the DNA is exposed. Transcription factors can bind, allowing gene expression to occur. Modifications to the histones and DNA affect nucleosome spacing. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44536/latest/Figure_16_03_02.pngView on Boundless.com

  49. Gene Expression Modifications to histones and DNA can alter gene expression Histone proteins and DNA nucleotides can be modified chemically. Modifications affect nucleosome spacing and gene expression. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44536/latest/Figure_16_03_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  50. Gene Expression Attribution • Wiktionary."proteome."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/proteome • Wiktionary."genome."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/genome • Wiktionary."somatic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/somatic • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44533/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."epigenetics."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/epigenetics • Wiktionary."nucleosome."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nucleosome • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44534/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."operon."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/operon • Wiktionary."repressor."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/repressor • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44535/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."promoter."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/promoter • Wiktionary."operon."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/operon • Wikipedia."Catabolite activator protein."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catabolite_activator_protein • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44535/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikipedia."RNA polymerase."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20polymerase • Wiktionary."repressor."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/repressor • Wikipedia."operator."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/operator Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

More Related