THE MEANING OF INTEGRATION

1. THE MEANING OF INTEGRATION

2. ICAM definition • ICAM is continuous, proactive and adaptive process of resource management for environmentally sustainable development of coastal areas • ICAM requires multidisciplinary approach, problem solving instead of problem transfer, stakeholder participation, as well as integration among sectors, institutions and administrative levels • ICAM requires full understanding of interactions among coastal resources, their use, and impacts of the development on economy and the environment

3. Unsustainable and sustainable approaches to coastal resource use Recognise Need for Sustainable Management Evaluate Resources/Uses Discovery Death of System Monitor and Review Develop/Refine Management System Decline Exploitation Implement System Over harvest Sustainable Development Pattern Unsustainable Development Pattern

4. Ecological “footprints”

5. Sectoral issues ICAM is not a substitute for existing sectoral planning - it proposes linkages to achieve more comprehensive goals Most important sectors in coastal areas: • tourism • water resources • soil and agriculture • aquaculture • built heritage and urbanisation • renewable sources of energy • industry, etc.

6. ICAM Stages Initiation • Planning: • preparatory phase • analysis and forecasting • formulation of goals and strategies • integration of plans and management policies • Implementation: • implementation of plans and policies • monitoring and evaluation

7. What is integration? • The process of bringing together separate components as a functional whole that involves coordination of interventions

8. Types of integration (1) • integration of land-sea interface • systemic: the need to ensure that all important interactions and issues are taken into consideration • functional: interventions by management bodies must be harmonised with the coastal area management objectives and strategies • policy: coastal area management policies, strategies and plans have to be incorporated in the development policies, strategies and plans • interdisciplinary integration • integration of economic considerations

9. Types of integration (2) • “vertical”: integration among institutions and administrative levels within the same sector • “horizontal”: integration among various sectors at the same administrative level • planning: among plans at various spatial levels, plans must not have conflicting objectives, strategies or planning proposals • temporal: co-ordination among short-, medium- and long-term plans and programmes

10. Integration of land-sea interface • area of intense activity • area of interchange within and between physical, biological, social, cultural, economic etc. processes • area composed of multiple and interacting systems (marine, terrestrial, riverine) • ecologically sensitive area where changes on the coast generate chain reactions inland, and vice versa • area which attracts population from inland areas

11. Systemic integration: conflicting uses of coastal resources

14. Coastal environment Coastal system Information needs Policy integration (1) • Natural and cultural heritage • loss or decline of habitat • disturbance of coastal ecosystems • decline in fish/shellfish resources • loss of treasured landscapes • Physical character of the coastal area • loss or decline of landscape value • disruption of sediment transport • decline in amenity resources (beaches, dunes, etc.) • impacts on character of coastal towns • Coastal area uses • conflicts with rights of sea users • incompatible uses need other locations • pressure for services and facilities (e.g. car parks, moorings etc.) • impacts on existing businesses and employment

15. Environment Information needs • Planning issues • land use • transport • protection • tourism • Coastal management issues • pollution • resource depletion • hazards • conflicts • Identification of • constraints • resources • opportunities Strategy National, regional and local development plans and policies National and regional spatial planning strategy Coastal management plans Decision making Environmental assessment Development control Coastal management Policy integration (2)

16. Integration of economic consideratiuons: The value of coastal areas • value of coastal (marine and land) resources is based on “products” and “services” created and rendered • “products”: oil, gas, tourism, marine trade, shipping, shipbuilding, fisheries, minerals, submarine communications, etc. • ecological “services”: gas control (balance between carbon dioxide and oxygen, as well as ozone), disturbance control (storm protection, flood control), waste treatment (liquid waste), nutrient circulation (wetlands and marine ecosystems)

18. bil US$ 5000 4000 31.7% 3000 2000 29.4% 68.3% 1000 70.6% 0 1978 1985 Coastal area Other Benefits

19. Nacionalna Ciljevi, Smjernice, Institucionalni i zakonodavni okvir Regionalna 1:100,000 Sub- 1:25,000 Regionalna Sektorski Planovi Nacionalni proces planiranja obale Sektorske vlasti Lokalna razina Lokalna 1:5,000 Lokacija 1:1,000 Planning integration Razina Planerska Plansko Geografski obuhvatvlasti razina mjerilo

20. Planning integration: The case of aquaculture National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Developmentrequires aquaculture to be managed within an ecologically sustainable framework Regional Planrecognizes the aquaculture potential and recommends aquaculture development in the certain area’s management objectives Integrated Initiatives Environmental Impact Assessment Strategic Environmental Assessment Aquaculture Licence Local Aquaculture Development Planaims to identify and develop areas for the ecological sustainability of a commercially viable aquaculture industry National Aquaculture Strategygoals include developing an ecologically sustainable industry Aquaculture Specific Initiatives Geographic Scales

21. Vertical integration

22. Why are we linking coastal areas and river basins? • Coasts and river basins contain important natural environments that are used intensively by population • Modification of river drainage basins by human activity has led to dramatic changes in the flow of water and nutrients they bring to the sea • Pollution from land based activities affects the people living in fresh water basins even more dramatically than it does to the people living in coastal areas • Marine eco-systems are harmed by careless land practices hundreds or even thousands of kilometres upstream

23. marine waters river coast Evolution of river basin and coastal management approaches • When management is sectoral River basin management - Focus on water supply but other functions must be recognised, including tourism, nature conservation and cultural values. Primarily resource oriented, eventually rural land use regulation. Coastal zone management - combines marine resource management and land-use planning. Physical planning and resource management with a strong emphasis on land-use regulation and physical interventions (project planning)

24. river basin marine waters coastal zone • When management is a multi-sectoral activity Based on a growing awareness of an intimate connection between the river and its catchment area. Integrated River Basin Management. Multiple interests recognised in coastal areas. Conflict resolution. Conservation and protection of the coast. Integrated Coastal Area Management.

25. marine waters ICARM domain • Integrated Coastal Area and River Basin Management (ICARM)

26. Cetina River watershed and adjacent coastal area

27. Initiation Planning Implementation CCA as part of the ICAM process Integrated Coastal Area Management IntegratedPlan Tourism DevelopmentPlan C C A