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11/23 生物的消化、吸收代謝機制 環境污染評估 – 個體、族群、群聚及生態系層次

11/23 生物的消化、吸收代謝機制 環境污染評估 – 個體、族群、群聚及生態系層次. Assessment of pollution impacts. Impacts on the individual level ： Lethal effects Death ︰Sublethal effects Physiological stress Tumours Developmental abnormalities.

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11/23 生物的消化、吸收代謝機制 環境污染評估 – 個體、族群、群聚及生態系層次

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  1. 11/23 生物的消化、吸收代謝機制 環境污染評估 – 個體、族群、群聚及生態系層次

  2. Assessment of pollution impacts

  3. Impacts on the individual level ：Lethal effects Death ︰Sublethal effects Physiological stress Tumours Developmental abnormalities

  4. Measuring changes at individual level ︰Lethal effects (LE) Measurement of toxicity – LT50 (median lethal time) LC50 (median lethal concentration) LD (dosage) LE50, LE100, LE1 (effectiveness)

  5. Cumulative percentage mortality of mussels, Mytilus in (I) 10-2M, (ii) 10-3M, (iii) 10-5M, (iv) 10-6M solution of zinc sulphate (Clark, 1997). MFO –mixed function oxygenase systems酵素系統(from Rand, 1995) Scope for growth of Mytilus (c) in (b) stations in pollution gradient at Narragansett Bay (Clark, 1997). The sewage sludge dump site in the Firth of Clyde (Clark, 1997). Species abundance plots of the benthic macrofauna the sewage sludge dump site in the Firth of Clyde (Clark, 1997).

  6. Hypothetical ABC curves for unpolluted, moderately polluted and • grossly polluted conditions (Clark, 1997). • Biomass: the mass of organisms present in an area or volume (g/m2) • Abundance: the number of organisms present in area or volume • (no./m2 )

  7. Measuring changes at individual level - Sublethal effects ‧Molecular biomarkers, e.g. Detoxication (detoxification) – metallothioneins mixed function oxygenases (MFO) other detoxication enzymes Heat shock proteins ‧Pysiological responses, e.g. Scope for growth, activity

  8. Sources of variation in bioassays Variation Comparing responses Ratio range Age old : young 0.01 – 1000 Sex male : female 0.5 - ≧5 Genotype more : less resistance 1-≧100 Acclimation with : without 1-≧10 Duration short : long term 1-100 ‧Synergy and antagonism

  9. Measuring changes at population level - Population density or/and biomass - Focus on “Key species” High conservation interest to humans High commercial value Dominant species in the community Indicator species (bioindicator)

  10. Measuring changes at community and ecosystem level ★ Structural end points, e.g. Species richness Species abundance Similarity Biomass

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