Course: Ilmu Sosial Untuk Psikologi

2. Course: Ilmu Sosial Untuk Psikologi Human Socialities: Socialization, Social Interaction, and Social Mobility

3. SOCIOLOGYRichard T. Schaefer Socialization

4. Socialization • The Role of Socialization • The Self and Socialization • Socialization and the Life Course • Agents of Socialization • Social Policy and Socialization

5. The Role of Socialization • Social Environment:The Impact of Isolation • Interaction of heredity and environment shape human development • The Case of Isabelle • Primate Studies

6. The Role of Socialization • The Influence of Heredity • Studies of Identical Twins • Intelligence tests show: Similar scores when twins are reared apart in roughly similar social settings Quite different scores when twins are reared apart in dramatically different social settings

7. The Self and Socialization • Sociological Approaches to the Self • Self: distinct identity that sets us apart from others • Cooley: Looking-Glass Self • We learn who we are by interacting with others • Our view of ourselves comes from contemplation of personal qualities and our impressions of how others perceive us • The self is the product of our social interactions with other people

8. The Self and Socialization • Sociological Approaches to the Self • Mead: Stages of the Self Play Stage: children develop skill in communicating through symbols and role taking occurs Game Stage: children of about 8 or 9 consider several actual tasks and relationships simultaneously Preparatory Stage: children imitate people around them. Continued...

9. The Self and Socialization • Sociological Approaches to the Self • Mead: Stages of the Self Symbols: gestures, objects, and language that form basis of human communication Generalized Others: attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that child takes into account Role Taking: process of mentally assuming the perspective of another

10. The Self and Socialization • Sociological Approaches to the Self • Mead: Stages of the Self • Self begins as privileged, central position in a person’s world • As person matures, the self changes and begins to reflect greater concern about reactions of others Significant Others: Individuals most important in the development of the self

11. The Self and Socialization • Sociological Approaches to the Self • Goffman: Presentation of the Self • Impression Management: individual learns to slant the presentation of self to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences Goffman’s view sometimes called Dramaturgical Approach: people resemble performers in action Face-work: Need to maintain proper image of self to continue social interaction

12. The Self and Socialization • Psychological Approaches to the Self • Freud • Self is a social product, however, natural impulsive instincts in constant conflict with societal constraints • Personality influenced by others (especially one’s parents

13. The Self and Socialization • Psychological Approaches to the Self • Piaget • Piaget emphasized the stages humans progress through as the self develops. • Cognitive theory of development identified 4 stages in development of children’s thought processes • Social interaction key to development

14. Socialization and the Life Course • The Life Course • Ceremonies mark stages of development in life course • Rites of Passage: Means of dramatizing and validating changes in a person’s status Life-course Approach: Looks closely at social factors that influence people throughout their lives

15. Socialization and the Life Course • The Life Course • We encounter some of the most difficult socialization challenges in later years

16. Socialization and the Life Course Table 4-1. Theoretical Approaches to Development of the Self

17. Socialization and the Life Course Table 4-2. Milestones in the Transition to Adulthood Source: T. Smith 2003

18. Socialization and the Life Course • Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization • Anticipatory Socialization: processes of socialization in which person “rehearses” future occupations and social relationships • Resocialization: process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as transition in one’s life

19. Socialization and the Life Course • Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization • Total Institution: institution—prison, military, mental hospital, or convent—that regulates all aspects of a person’s life under a single authority Degradation Ceremony: ritual where individual becomes secondary and rather invisible in overbearing social environment

20. Agents of Socialization • Family • Role of family in socializing a child cannot be overestimated • Cultural Influences • The Impact of Race and Gender Gender Roles: expectation regarding proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females

21. Agents of Socialization • School • Teach children values and customs of the larger society • Traditionally socialized children into conventional gender roles • Peer Group • As children grow older, peer groups increasingly assume the role of Mead’s significant others

22. Agents of Socialization Table 4-3. High School Popularity Source: Suitor et al. 2001:445

23. Agents of Socialization • Mass Media and Technology • Technology socializes families into multitasking as the social norm 47% of parents reported at least one child has a TV in his/her bedroom

24. Agents of Socialization Figure 4-1. Internet Usage, Ages 10—17 Source: Kaiser Family Foundation/San Jose Mercury News 2003

25. Agents of Socialization • Workplace • Learning to behave appropriately within occupational setting is fundamental aspect of human socialization • Socialization in workplace involves four phases: • Career choice • Anticipatory socialization • Conditioning • Continuous commitment

26. Agents of Socialization • Religion and State • Government and organized religion impacted life course by reinstituting some rites of passage

27. Social Policy and Socialization • Child Care Around the World • The Issue • In 2002, 55% of women who had given birth the previous year were back in the labor force • 35% of all preschoolers with employed mothers attend group child care programs

28. Social Policy and Socialization • Child Care Around the World • The Setting • Finding the right kind of day care challenges parents and pocketbook • Researchers found high-quality child care centers do not adversely affect socialization of children

29. Social Policy and Socialization • Child Care Around the World • Sociological Insights • Studies assessing quality of child care outside of home reflect micro-level of analysis favored by interactionists • Functionalists study child care from perspective of macro-level analysis of the family as a social institution

30. Social Policy and Socialization • Child Care Around the World • Sociological Insights • Conflict perspective notes child care costs are an especially serious burden for lower-class families • Feminist perspective raises questions about the low status and wages of day care workers

31. Social Policy and Socialization • Child Care Around the World • Policy Initiatives • Policies regarding child care outside of the home vary throughout the world • When policymakers decide that child care is desirable, they must determine degree to which taxpayers should subsidize it

32. SOCIOLOGY Richard T. Schaefer Social Interactionand Reality

33. Social Interaction and Reality • Social Interaction and Reality • Elements of Social Structure • Social Structure in Global Perspective • Social Policy and Social Structure

34. Social Interaction and Reality • Our response to someone’s behavior is based on meaning we attach to his or her actions • The ability to define social reality reflects a group’s power within society Members of subordinate groups challenge traditional definitions and begin to perceive and experience reality in a new way

35. Social Interaction and Reality Figure 5-1. Social Statuses

36. Elements of Social Structure • Statuses • Status: Refers to any of the socially defined positions within a large group or society A person holds more than one status simultaneously

37. Elements of Social Structure • Statuses • Ascribed and Achieved Status • Ascribed Status: status one is born with • Achieved Status: status one earns • Master Status • Status that dominates others and determines person’s general position in society Societies deal with inconsistencies by agreeing that certain statuses are more important than others

38. Elements of Social Structure • Social Roles • Sets of expectations for people who occupy a given status • Significant component of social structure • Role Conflict • Occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person.

39. Elements of Social Structure • Social Roles • Role Strain • Difficulties that arise when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations • Role Exit • Process of disengagement from a role that is central to one’s identity to establish a new role

40. Elements of Social Structure • Groups • Any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with each other on a regular basis. Every society composed of many groups in which daily social interaction takes place

41. Elements of Social Structure • Social Networks and Technology • Social network: series of social relationships that links person directly to others, and indirectly links him or her to still more people • Networking:involvement in social network; valuable skill when job-hunting We can now maintain social networks electronically with advances in technology

42. Elements of Social Structure • Social Institutions • Organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs

43. Elements of Social Structure • Functionalist View • Five major tasks (functional prerequisites) a society or major group must accomplish • Replacing personnel • Teaching new recruits • Producing and distributing goods and services • Preserving order • Providing and maintaining a sense of purpose

44. Elements of Social Structure • Conflict View • Major institutions help maintain privileges of most powerful individuals and groups within society • Social institutions have inherently conservative nature • Social institutions operate in gendered and racist environments

45. Elements of Social Structure • Interactionist View • Social institutions affect our everyday behavior • Social behavior conditioned by roles and statuses

46. Social Structure in Global Perspective • Durkheim’s Mechanical and Organic Solidarity • Mechanical solidarity: refers to collective consciousness that emphasizes group solidarity, implying that all individuals perform the same tasks • Organic solidarity: refers to collective consciousness that hinges on need a society’s members have for one another

47. Social Structure in Global Perspective • Tönnie’s Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft • Gemeinschaft (guh-MINE-shoft): small community in which people have similar backgrounds and life experiences • Gesellschaft (guh-ZELL-shoft): large community in which people are strangers and feel little in common with other community residents

48. Social Structure in Global Perspective Table 5-1. Comparison of the Gemeinshaft and Gesellschaft

49. Social Structure in Global Perspective • Lenski’s Sociocultural Evolution Approach • Views human societies as undergoing change according to a dominant pattern—sociocultural evolution “Process of change and development in human societies resulting from growth in their stores of cultural information” (Lenski et al. 2004:366)

50. Social Structure in Global Perspective • Lenski’s Sociocultural Evolution Approach • Society’s level of technology critical to way it is organized Technology: “Cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires” (Nolan and Lenski 2004:366)