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Ethical Guidelines in Behavioral Research: Ensuring Participant Welfare and Integrity

This unit explores the ethical considerations inherent in psychological research, emphasizing voluntary participation, informed consent, confidentiality, and minimization of risk. Topics include the importance of ethics in research, informed consent protocols, deception, debriefing procedures, and key ethical violations. Additionally, famous psychological experiments are examined within an ethical framework, illustrating research practices that would be deemed unacceptable today. Resources and guidelines for ethical research conduct are provided to enhance understanding and adherence to ethical standards.

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Ethical Guidelines in Behavioral Research: Ensuring Participant Welfare and Integrity

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  1. Unit 2. Research Methods Ethics in Research

  2. Ethics in Research • Voluntary participation • Informed consent • Confidentiality • Anonymity • Minimize risk and discomfort • Potential benefits must outweigh risk to subjects • Debriefing • Ethics of animal research • Approval of research committee • Institutional Review Board (IRB)

  3. Why are ethics important inresearch? • Manipulations may subject participants to undesirable or even harmful experiences • Some experiments involve withholding information from participants • The variables psychologists study are often private • Intervention studies often include a control condition • The experimenter/participant relationship contains a power differential • the experimenter controls the situation

  4. Informed Consent • Participants have a right to decide whether to be part of a study based on knowledge of the protocol • Providing informed consent involves: • Explaining the purpose, procedures, and duration of the research including any benefits and risks • Disclosing alternative procedures • Answering any questions about the study • Informing the individual that (s)he can withdraw at anytime • A description of procedures and limits to confidentiality • Information regarding a contact for further information

  5. Deception • In deciding whether it’s OK to use deception, consider whether: • The Research could be carried out without deception • The Benefits, in terms of knowledge gained, outweigh the risk to the participants • The Potential for harm to subjects as a result of deception is minimal

  6. Debriefing • After the experiment, the full purpose and any deception should be disclosed • Goals of debriefing: • Check for adverse reactions • Attempt to mollify the damage of deception • Explain the reason for the deception • Educate the participant about research • Acknowledge the value of the participant’s help • Evaluate whether full disclosure may be harmful

  7. Deception • To minimize the potential negative impact of deception: • Avoid outright lying • Never withhold information concerning possible risks • Inform participants they might be deceived (but not how) • Perform a careful, sensitive debriefing • Allow participants to withdraw their data upon debriefing

  8. Any ethical violations? orQuestionable research methods?

  9. Unit 2.21a Ethics - 10 Famous Psychological Experiments That Could Never Happen Today Do You Agree? • 1. The Little Albert Experiment (John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner (1920)) • 2. Asch Conformity Experiments (Solomon Asch (1951)) • 3. The Bystander Effect - The Bystander Apathy Experiment (John Darley and Bibb Latané (1968)) • 4. The Milgram Experiment (1963} • 5. Harlow’s Monkey Experiments (1950’s-60’s)

  10. 6. Learned Helplessness - Martin Seligman and Steven F. Maier (1967) • 7. Robbers Cave Experiment (MuzaferSherif 1954) • 8. The Monster Study (Dr. Wendell Johnson, a speech pathologist at University of Iowa – 1938) • 9. Blue Eyed versus Brown Eyed Students (1960’s on) • 10. The Stanford Prison Experiment (1971)

  11. Some web resources • Ethics in Research • Social Research Methods Knowledge Base • http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/ethics.php • Ethics in research • Changing Mind .org • http://changingminds.org/explanations/research/articles/ethics_research.htm • Five principles for research ethics (APA) • http://www.apa.org/monitor/jan03/principles.aspx

  12. Unit 14.14 Rubric for a Report on a Famous Psychology Experiment Group Project / Assignment

  13. Examples of topics

  14. To research a topic: • Select your partner or partners (two-three to a group). • More than one group may work on the same topic. However, each report is to be individual and unique. • Identify the author. • Check the various texts in the classroom for descriptions of that research. • Check the bibliographies of the various texts in the classroom. • Write down the specific information from the bibliography so that you will be able to find this in a library or online. • Get approval from teacher for your topic by having it registered on his/her list. (Failure to get approval will result in a 10% penalty) • The research you pick may not fit nicely into the categories that I have assigned. You may alter the report as necessary – but – MAKE SURE THE ALTERATIONS ARE NECESSARY. • Illustrations may include drawings or photographs. • The assignment will be due on ___________. • Bring the copy of the article to class and use it and the texts in the classroom during class to work on your projects next week

  15. Report on a Famous Experiment (Handout) • Elements of Assignment • Title Page and Folder (10 points) • Page 1 (20 points) Hypothesis • Page 2 (10 points) Sample • Page 3 (10 points) Variables • Page 4 (10 points) Results • Page 5 (10 points) Significance / Statistical Analysis • Page 6 (20 points) (Confounding variables)

  16. Page 6 (20 points) (Confounding variables) • Page 7 (20 points) Practical Applications • Page 8 (30 points) Ethical Issues • Page 9 (20 points) Include a bibliography

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