Philosophy 1100 Class #7

1. Philosophy 1100 Class #7 Title: Critical Reasoning Instructor: Paul Dickey E-mail Address: pdickey2@mccneb.edu Website: http://mockingbird.creighton.edu/NCW/dickey.htm Tonight: Submit Second Essay Redo Submit Exercise 9-2. Return Mid-Term Exams Questions on Final Class Essay? – DUE 11/16 Catch-up Class Presentations Discuss Chapter 9 Next Week: Portfolio #6 Student Portfolio is Due Chapter 9 Exercise 9-5. 9-6, and 9-7 Read Chapter 10, pp. 284-302, 308-312

2. Midterm Exam Results A: 1, B: 2, C: 1, D: 2 Class Grades (as of tonight, 11/2)A: 3, B: 3 (factoring in Extra Credit ratio) Please note carefully: Only 155 points out of the 400 have so far been recorded. Plenty of opportunity is left to improve or lower your grade. Homework assignments that are turned in late will receive NO credit. The grade you “get” will be the grade you earn. I do not “give” grades; you give yourself grades by the work you do. I just do the calculations.

3. What is formal Deductive Logic and is it relevant to your life? ·“Collect” from your daily experience 2-3 “artifacts” that describe a use of a formal logical argument and show its relevance to daily living. ·For each, write a description or explanation of the artifact selected and evaluate for yourself whether this shows whether formal deductive logic is significant in your life. (1 paragraph) ·Write a brief assessment of your analyses of Rhetoric & Logical Fallacies in Section #5 of your portfolio. Portfolio Assignment #6

4. Chapter Eight: Formal Fallacies & Fallacies of Language Presenters: Estelle: Affirming the Consequent / Denying the Antecedent James: The Undistributed Middle Michele: Equivocation/Amphiboly & Composition/Division Cindy: Arguments/Explanations/Excuses Rachael: Contraries/Contradictories Ari: Flip-flopping & Gambler’s Fallacy Maria: Prior Probabilities / False Positives In your presentation, you must define your fallacy type, give examples, and distinguish it from other logical fallacies that are similar. I encourage you to use power point slides in your presentation if possible, but it is not necessary.

5. Use your WIPER SHIELD W easeling, I nnuendo, P roof Surrogates E xplanations, Analogies & Definitions (Rhetorical) R idicule/Sarcasm S tereotypes H yperbole I mage Rhetoric E uphemisms/Dysphemisms L oaded Questions, and D ownplaying/Minimizing

6. The Top Ten Fallacies of All Time (according to your author) “GROPES JAWS” Group Think Red Herring “Argument” FromOutrage “Argument” from Popularity Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc Straw Man Jump to Conclusion Ad Hominem Argument Wishful Thinking Scare Tactic 6

7. Now, Let’s Play a Round of ….. “Rhetoric & Gotcha” Gotcha journalism is a pejorative term used by media critics to describe interviewing methods that appear designed to entrap interviewees into making statements that are damaging or discreditable to their cause, character, integrity, or reputation. What is the difference between a “gotcha” question, a loaded question, a rhetorical question, and an honest question? http://time.com/4094888/republican-debate-cnbc-questions/

9. Chapter NineDeductive Arguments:Categorical Logic

10. Categorical Logic • Consider the following claims: 1. Everybody who is ineligible for Physics 1A must take Physical Science 1. 2) No students who are required to take Physical Sciences 1 are eligible for Physics 1A. • Are these different claims or the same claim? • Categorical logic is important because it gives us a tool to work through the confusion with a technique to answer that question clearly. • Such is done through the use of standard logic forms.

11. Categorical Logic • Categorical Logic is logic based on the relations of inclusion and exclusion among classes. • That is, categorical logic is about things being in and out of groups and what it means to be in or out of one group by being in or out of another group.

12. Four Basic Kinds of Claims in Categorical Logic (Standard Forms) A: All _________ are _________. (Ex. All Presbyterians are Christians. E: No ________ are _________. (Ex. No Muslims are Christians. ___________________________________ I: Some ________ are _________. (Ex. Some Arabs are Christians. O: Some ________ are not _________. (Ex. Some Muslims are not Sunnis.

13. Four Basic Kinds of Claims in Categorical Logic What goes in the blanks are terms. In the first blank, the term is the subject. In the second blank goes the predicate term. A: All ____S_____ are ____P_____. (Ex. All Presbyterians are Christians.

14. Venn Diagrams

15. Categorical Logic The Four Basic Kinds of Claims in Categorical Logic can be represented using Venn Diagrams. (See page 246 in textbook.) The two claims that include one class or part of a class within another are the affirmative claims (I.e. the A-claims & the I-Claims. The two claims that exclude one class or part of a class from another are the negative claims (I.e. the E-claims and the O-claims.

16. The Bottom Line? Translating Claims into Standard Form for Analysis • Two claims are equivalent claims if, and only if, they would be true in all and exactly the same circumstances. • Equivalent claims, in this sense, say the same thing. • Equivalent claims will have the same Venn Diagram.

17. Some Tips • The word “only” used by itself, introduces the predicate term of an A-claim, e.g. “Only Matinees are half-price shows” is to be translated as “All half-price shows are matinees” • The phrase “the only” introduces the subject term of an A-claim, e.g Matinees are the only half-price shows” also translates to “All half-price shows are matinees.” • Claims about single individuals should be treated as A-claims or E-claims, e.g. “Aristotle is left-handed” translates to either “Everybody who is Aristotle is left handed” or “No person who is Aristotle is not left-handed.”

18. Class Workshop: Exercise 9-2

19. Three Categorical Operations • Conversion – The converse of a claim is the claim with the subject and predicate switched, e.g. The converse of “No Norwegians are Swedes” is “No Swedes are Norwegians.” • Obversion – The obverse of a claim is to switch the claim between affirmative and negative (A -> E, E -> A, I -> O, and O -> I and replace the predicate term with the complementary (or contradictory) term, e.g. The obverse of “All Presbyterians are Christians” is “No Presbyterians are non-Christians.” • Contrapositive – The contrapositive of a claim is the cliam with the subject and predicate switched and replacing both terms with complementary terms (or contradictory terms), e.g. The contrapositive of “Some citizens are not voters” is “Some non-voters are not noncitiizens.

20. OK, So where is the beef? By understanding these concepts, you can apply the three rules of validity for deductive arguments: • Conversion – The converses of all E- and I- claims, but not A- and O- claims are equivalent to the original claim. • Obversion – The obverses of all four types of claims are equivalent to their original claims. • Contrapositive – The contrapositives of all A- and O- claims, but not E- and I- claims are equivalent to the original claim.