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Regulation of Gene Expression: New Insights and Mechanisms

Learn how gene expression is regulated in different cell types, its role in cancer, and the impact of epigenetics on gene activity. Explore key process skills through interactive activities. Follow-up with assessments for comprehensive understanding.

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Regulation of Gene Expression: New Insights and Mechanisms

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  1. Center for Life Science Education Biology Teachable Tidbit Bio 5001 Regulation of Gene Expression: New tricks for old genes • LubomiraCubonova • InsiyaFidai • Wilberforce Ouma • Tasha Wilkie • Advisor: Dr. Sarah Ball

  2. Misconceptions • DNA is not present in all living things • Specialized cells, for example liver and heart cells, contain only the genes necessary to perform their specialized functions • Meaning of gene expression

  3. Learning goals & outcomes • Understand that all cells in an organism contain the same full set of genes in their genomes • Know the relationship between DNA, genes and proteins • Understand differential gene expression, and how the process is regulated (different levels of regulation) • Understand pathophysiological effects of differential expression on cells (cancer) • Understand how to measure gene expression (microarray technology)

  4. Key Process Skills • Problem introduction and brainstorm (critical thinking) • Students conduct investigation • Students develop conclusion based on evidence

  5. Background & pre-requisites • The unit will be taught mid-end of the course after introduction of the following: • Cell division: mitosis and meiosis • Mendel and the gene idea • Chromosomal and Molecular Basis of Inheritance • From gene to protein • Regulation of gene expression • Gene expression and Cancer

  6. Human genome How does the same set of genes direct the activities of 220 human cell types?

  7. In every cell only a limited number of the genes are expressed, or turned ‘on’, at a particular ‘moment’. • Cells look and act the way they do because of the specific genes that they express and the amounts of gene products produced. BUT HOW ??????

  8. How is gene expression regulated? • Gene expression: (http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/evolution/dna_transcription_regulation.html) • Regulation of gene expression: (http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/variation/newtricks/)

  9. What are the components of transcriptional gene expression?

  10. Different cell types produce different sets of proteins • Gene expression is a highly specific process in which a gene is switched on, and therefore begins production of its protein. • Once a cell becomes differentiated it only expresses the genes that produce the proteins characteristic for that type of cell. Neurons Blood cells

  11. Pattern of Gene Expression in Human Cells

  12. Pattern of Gene Expression in Human Cells

  13. Pattern of Gene Expression in Human Cells • Some genes are turned on only in a specific organ. For example Cardiac Troponin I type 3 (TNNI3) is turned on only in heart muscle tissue. • Other genes are turned on in multiple organs, but expressed at different levels. For example P450 (cytochrome) oxidoreductase (POR).

  14. Expression Profile of POR - P450 (cytochrome) oxidoreductase Adrenalgland Adrenal Cortex Thyroid Placenta Liver

  15. Hallmarks of Cancer • Uncontrolled cell growth • Evading Apoptosis • Reprogramming Energy Metabolism • Loss of Density dependent inhibition • Can you identify which genes from the previous table could be involved in these hallmarks of cancer?

  16. Microarray Genes • CEACAM6 • SFTPB • TP53 • SRY • POR • GPC3

  17. Microarray Technology https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNsThMNjKhM

  18. Discussion questions

  19. Chromosomes from Twins DNA from one twin was labeled with a red fluorescent dye, while DNA from the other twin in the pair was labeled with a green dye. Both sets of twin DNA were hybridized to normal metaphase chromosomes. The yellow color represents equal amounts of red and green dye hybridizing to the chromosomes, indicative at those particular chromosomal locations. Are there additional ways of regulation of gene expression other than transcriptional regulation?

  20. Mechanism for DNA modification for Differential Gene Expression

  21. EPIGENETICS • Epigenetics refers to the study of changes in the regulation of gene activity and expression that are not dependent on gene DNA sequence. • While epigenetics often refers to the study of single genes or sets of genes, epigenomics refers to more global analyses of epigenetic changes across the entire genome.

  22. Follow-up and Assessment • Activity sheets will be collected at the end of class and graded by TA (teaching assistants). • TAs will follow up on the “muddiest point” in the activity during recitation. • Assignment will be graded for credit (similar to in-class activity).

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