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Society, Culture, and Sport

Society, Culture, and Sport. Chapter 20. Topics Covered:. Brief history of sport in the USA Brief history of the Olympic Games Sport and American culture Icons of American sport The business of sport Sport as a spectacle Being an informed consumer. Brief History of Sport in USA.

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Society, Culture, and Sport

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  1. Society, Culture, and Sport Chapter 20 Sport Books Publisher

  2. Topics Covered: • Brief history of sport in the USA • Brief history of the Olympic Games • Sport and American culture • Icons of American sport • The business of sport • Sport as a spectacle • Being an informed consumer Sport Books Publisher

  3. Brief History of Sport in USA Sport Books Publisher

  4. By analyzing American sport history and by examining the larger role sport currently plays in people's everyday lives, we can further understand how sport has come to permeate our culture and society. Sport Books Publisher

  5. New Beginnings (1400s to 1860) 15th and 16th century • European explorers and settlers fascinated by Native American games • Example: baggataway • To develop warrior’s skill • First viewed by French • Today known as lacrosse 17th and 18th century • Hampered development due to church sentiment and wars Sport Books Publisher

  6. New Beginnings (1400s to 1860) Late 18th and 19th century • End of American Revolution • Beginning of First Industrial revolution • More leisure time • Sports/games develop more rapidly • Mostly social elite sports • Examples: golf, horse racing, target shooting • Bare-knuckle fights • Initially illegal; slave against slave • Universally accepted end of 19th century Sport Books Publisher

  7. King’s College, Nova Scotia (Canada) Montreal Quebec (Canada) New England States (USA) The Civil War and the Second Industrial Revolution (1861 to 1918) Ice Hockey • Played on a frozen pond with a wooden puck and a stick Sport Books Publisher

  8. The Civil War and the Second Industrial Revolution (1861 to 1918) Baseball • Origin of “bat and ball” or “town ball”: • Abner Doubleday, Cooperstown NY(1839) • Western MA (late 1700s) • Small towns in Eastern NY and New England; (late 1700s) • Origin of modern baseball: • Alexander Cartwright; Knickerbockers Base Ball Club; 1845 • Spread throughout the country during the Civil War years • Played by all Sport Books Publisher

  9. The Civil War and the Second Industrial Revolution (1861 to 1918) Football • Originally the “Boston game” • First game – 1869 • Soccer rules • Rugby rules adopted in 1867 • 11-man game (versus 15) • Adopted several years later • Allowed for more control and strategy • Walter Camp – “father of modern football” Sport Books Publisher

  10. The Civil War and the Second Industrial Revolution (1861 to 1918) Basketball • Truly North American in origin • Developed by Dr. James Naismith visiting YMCA Training School (now Springfield College) in MA in 1890 • Soccer ball and peach baskets • Developed as a form of recreation to pass away cold New England winters • Spread by YMCA Training School graduates to urban areas James Naismith Sport Books Publisher

  11. The Civil War and the Second Industrial Revolution (1861 to 1918) Other activities • Cycling • Bicycle craze due to overpopulation and transportation issues • Development of competitive cycling • Car racing • Invention of automobile • Popular pastime for those who could afford it • Modern Olympic Games • Pierre de Coubertin • Modeled after ancient Olympics Sport Books Publisher

  12. Post-World War I Era (1919 to present) • Post WWI and Great Depression • “Golden age” of sport • American sports icons help nation put painful WWI memories behind • Beginning of Professional leagues • The American Professional Football League (1920) • The Negro League of Baseball • Sport seen as form of entertainment that generates revenue • Athletes paid and traded • Football moved to larger urban areas • Olympics gained momentum • Post WWII • Economic boom accompanied by emergence of sport, recreation, and physical activity as important part of our society Lou Gehrig Sport Books Publisher

  13. Post-World War I Era (1919 to present) Emergence of Mass Media • Invention of radio • Invention of TV (1950s and 1960s) • Brought sport icons to people’s homes • Sport perfect medium for TV • Gathered families • Sports popularity in mass media and with it participation in sports grows • Baseball • Tennis – Billie Jean King • Sports on TV influence children and adults Billie Jean King Sport Books Publisher

  14. Post-World War I Era (1919 to present) Sport for All • Amendment XIV – Equal access for all races • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) • Against doctrine of “separate but equal”/Plessy v. Ferguson (1986) • Title IX – Equal opportunity and funding regardless of sex • Established the Education Amendments of 1972 • Produced a change in attitude toward female athletes and sports Sport Books Publisher

  15. Brief History of Olympic Games Sport Books Publisher

  16. V Stockholm, 1912 • Electronic devices, public address systems, and photo finishes used • First to have representation from all five continents • Jim Thorpe • IV London, 1908 • Originally awarded to Rome • Athletes walked in by nation for the first time • Ray Ewry • I Athens, 1896 • First modern Olympics • Developed by Baron Pierre de Coubertin • IOC • Vision: to promote the idea of true armature athletic competition • James Connolly • II Paris, 1900 • First unofficial appearance of women (golf and tennis) • In conjunction with World's Fair • Ray Ewry, Myer Pristein • III St. Louis, 1904 • Also coincided with World’s Fair • 4½ months duration • First to utilize medal system • George Eyser SUMMER Sport Books Publisher

  17. WWI 1914-1918 • VIII Paris, 1924 • First Olympic village • Motto “Citius, Altius, Fortius” • Raising of 3 flags in the closing ceremony • Johnny Weissmuller • IX Amsterdam, 1928 • Ignition of Olympic flame during opening ceremonies • First time women were recognized as competitors in “athletic” events (e.g., track and field) • Elizabeth Robinson • X Los Angeles, 1932 • Began the tradition of honoring victors with their national anthem • Babe Didrikson • VI Berlin, 1916 • Cancelled due to WWI • Still holds the distinction of the Games of VI Olympiad • VII Antwerp, 1920 • Olympic flag • Athlete’s Oath • Release of dove as a symbol of peace • Ethelda Bleibtrey SUMMER Sport Books Publisher

  18. WWII 1939-1945 WWII 1939-1945 • XI Berlin, 1936 • First TV broadcast • Torch relay introduced • “the Hitler Olympics”: Hitler’s means of propaganda • Jesse Owens embarrassed Hitler by winning 4 gold medals • Marjorie Gestring • XII Helsinki, 1940 • Cancelled due to WWII • XIII London, 1944 • Cancelled due to WWII • XIV London, 1948 • Reawarded to London • First to be seen on home TV’s • Bob Mathias, Robert Richards • XV Helsinki, 1952 • First time showing of USSR, Israel, and Federal Republic of Germany • Setting stage for USSR v. USA rivalry • Harrison Dilard, Patricia McCormick SUMMER Sport Books Publisher

  19. XVI Melbourne, 1956 • First city in the southern hemisphere to host • Athletes walk together v. by nation for the closing ceremonies • Wilma Rudolph, Al Oerter • XX Munich, 1972 • September 5, 1972 Palestinian terrorists (Black September) took hostage and killed 11 Israeli athletes • The first Judge’s Oath was recited • Mark Spitz • XVII Rome, 1960 • Played an anthem that was played back at first modern Olympics in Athens; became the official anthem • Dominated by USSR • Wilma Rudolph, Cassius Clay • XVIII Tokyo, 1964 • First time the Games were hosted by an Asian nation • Volleyball – first women’s team sport • Billy Mills, Joe Frazier • XIX Mexico City, 1968 • Altitude benefited short distance and disadvantaged long distance events • Long jump world record made that remained unbroken for 22 years (Bob Beamon) • Tommie Smith and John Carlos protest against racial segregation in USA SUMMER Sport Books Publisher

  20. XXI Montreal, 1976 • Allegations of suspected drug use were at the forefront of media coverage • First ever perfect score in gymnastics earned by Nadia Comaneci of Romania • Edwin Moses, Greg Louganis • XXII Moscow, 1980 • A U.S. lead boycott by Western nations protesting the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan • Soviet team dominated • XXIII Los Angeles, 1984 • In response to Moscow Olympics Soviets and other nations boycott • Huge success; >$200 million profit • Carl Lewis, Joan Benoit • XXIV Seoul, 1988 • South Korean government refused to co-host with the North Korea • North Korea and Cuba boycott in response • Florence Griffith-Joyner, Matt Biondi • XXV Barcelona, 1992 • First time since Munich to be held without a boycott • South Africa was allowed to participate following abolishment of apartheid • W and E Germany together • Russian states separate • Basketball Dream Team, Gail Devers SUMMER Sport Books Publisher

  21. XXVII Athens, 2004 • Return home after more than a century • Most expensive in history • Post-September 11; Extra degree of security • No incident • Michael Phelps • XXVI Atlanta, 1996 • A bomb detonated in Centennial Olympic Park • 2 people killed; 100 injured • Carl Lewis, Michael Johnson • XXVII Sydney, 2000 • First time since Korean War, North and South played together • Women took part in weightlifting and decathlon • Marion Jones, Michael Johnson SUMMER Sport Books Publisher

  22. Sport Books Publisher

  23. WWII 1939-1945 • I Chamonix, 1924 • Originally an “International Winter Sports Week” • Officially recognized as winter Olympics in 1926 • Charles Jewtraw • II St. Moritz, 1928 • Sonja Henie, future Hollywood film star, earns first three gold medals • U.S. wins two gold medals in bobsled and skeleton tracks • III Lake Placid, 1932 • First in the Americas • Sled dog racing appears as a demonstration sport • Eddie Eagen the only athlete ever to win gold in both Summer and Winter Olympics • IV Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 1936 • First time for Alpine events • Austrian and Swiss skier boycotted to protest exclusion of ski instructors • Leo Freisinger • 1940& 1944 • Cancelled due to WWI • Unlike Summer Olympics did not keep their numerical designations WINTER Sport Books Publisher

  24. V St. Moritz, 1948 • Return after 20 years to same place • Germany and Japan not invited • Gretchen Fraser, Dick Burton • VI Oslo, 1952 • Nordic ski events open to women for the first time • Dick button • VII Cortina d’Ampezzo, 1956 • First appearance by the USSR • First Athlete’s Oath taken by a woman • Last outdoor figure skating events • Tenley Albright • VIII Squaw Valley, 1960 • First use of instant replay • Biathlon made its debut • Women speedskating • Carol Heiss, David Jenkins • IX Innsbruck, 1964 • Endangered due to lack of snow • Austrian Army brought snow from the surrounding mountaintops • USSR dominated • Terry McDermott WINTER Sport Books Publisher

  25. X Grenoble, 1968 • Women underwent sex tests • The East German Women’s luge team disqualified for heating the runners • First broadcast in color TV • Peggy Fleming • XI Sapporo, 1972 • First outside of Europe or U.S. • Karl Schranz banned for receiving payments from ski manufacturer • Soviet hockey players, paid by government, allowed • Canadian hockey boycott • 7 of 8 USA medals won by women • XII Innsbruck, 1976 • Originally awarded to Denver but were removed due to funding issues • Ice dancing entered as Olympic event • Dorothy Hamill, Peter Mueller, Sheila Young • XIII Lake Placid, 1980 • Second time in same place • Artificial snow • U.S. hockey team defeated USSR, the “Miracle on Ice” • Eric Heiden • XIV Sarajevo, 1984 • 20-km Nordic event for women • New IOC president • Phil and Steve Mahre, Scott Hamilton WINTER Sport Books Publisher

  26. XV Calgary, 1988 • First in Canada • Spread out over three weekend • Speedskating under a covered venue • Added super G and Alpine combined • Brian Boitano, Bonnie Blair • XVI Albertville, 1992 • Last Winter Games to be held in the same year as the Summer Games • Women’s biathlon • Added freestyle skiing and short-track speedskating • Bonnie Blair, Kristi Yamaguchi, Nancy Kerrigan • XVII Lillehammer, 1994 • One of the greatest ever • Dan Jansen, Nancy Kerrigan, Tonya Harding • XVII Nagano, 1998 • First time for Women’s hockey • Reintroduced curling • Added snowboarding • NHL players allowed to participate • Jonny Moseley, Picabo Street, Tara Lipinski • XIX Salt Lake City, 2002 • Return of skeleton • Women’s bobsled • French judge suspended for misconduct; gold medals given to both Russian and Canadian pairs • Sarah Hughes WINTER Sport Books Publisher

  27. XX Torino, 2006 • Italy hosts for the second time • Extreme snowboard cross added • Sarah Konrad, Shani Davis WINTER Sport Books Publisher

  28. Sport and American Culture Sport Books Publisher

  29. Sport and Culture • Sport and American culture are intricately intertwined in many significant ways • Example: Olympics continue to be seen as a cultural event as well as arena for athletic accomplishment Sport Books Publisher

  30. The Relationship Between Sport and Culture • Culture represents the ways of life people create in a given society • It is a creation of people, not something that is imposed upon a group • The relationship between sport and culture can be see in the following three areas: Sport Books Publisher

  31. 1. Quest for Excitement • Sport appeals to participants’ or spectators’ quest for excitement • Sport offers physical challenge and psychological risks that are hard to find in contemporary society • Examples? Sport Books Publisher

  32. 2. The Appeal of Sports • Everyone has an appreciation of the tremendous physical skills required to participate in high level sports Sport Books Publisher

  33. 3. Sport’s Cultural Significance • Because of our need for development of social identification and rivalries • We need to be part of a collective whole and to identify with our accomplishments • Example: “The Miracle on Ice” Sport Books Publisher

  34. What is Sport Culture? • Development of sport allowed the formation of a myriad of new social groups • These groups formed their own criteria for acceptance to an inner circle, thus creating a “culture” within a particular sport • Sport culture is constantly redefining itself • Spectators have developed their own distinguishing social groups by aligning with a particular team Sport Books Publisher

  35. What is Sport Culture? Sports Fans Versus Sports Fanatics • Sports fans: • Passive admirers or true devotees • Have true appreciation for the game • Consider themselves as outsiders (i.e., can’t change the game) • Sports fanatics: • Have difficulty dissociating from the game • Sport becomes and obsession • Believe they can actually change the outcome • Often engage in unruly behavior Sport Books Publisher

  36. Icons of American Sport Sport Books Publisher

  37. Baseball • Satchel Paige • One of the most dominant pitchers • Career of >4 decades and >2,500 games • Started in Negro League (1920s) • One of the early pioneers in breaking the color barrier in professional sport • Lou Gehrig • The original Iron Man • Played 2,130 consecutive games • In 1931 hit 181 RBIs (still an American League record) • In 1941 died of ALS, now referred to as Lou Gehrig's disease Lou Gehrig Sport Books Publisher

  38. Football Vince Lombardi • Walter Payton • All-time leading rusher in professional football (until 2002) • 2 time NFL MVP (1977 and 1985) • Spent entire career with one organization – Chicago Bears • High community involvement • Vince Lombardi • Named the coach of the century (2000; ESPN) • Head coach of the Green Bay Packers (1958) • Super bowl trophy now called the Vince Lombardi Trophy Sport Books Publisher

  39. Professional Golf Tiger Woods • Mildred “Babe” Didrikson Zaharias • First and probably the finest female professional multi-sport athlete • Basketball, track and field, golf • First female to participate in men’s professional golf tournament (1945 Los Angeles open) • Eldrick “Tiger” Woods • Youngest golfer to achieve a world #1 ranking (age 21) • By age 5 was featured in Golf Digest magazine • Youngest golfer to achieve U.S. Amateur Championship (age 15) • The first golfer to hold four major golf championship titles concurrently Sport Books Publisher

  40. Wilma Rudolph Olympic Athletes • Mary Lou Retton • 1st American to ever win Olympic gold in gymnastics (1984; age 16) • Jesse Owens • Shattered the walls of sports racism by leaving “the Hitler Olympics” (1936) with 4 gold medals • Muhammad Ali • Earned Olympic gold medal in boxing at age 18 (1960) • Outspoken supporter of Civil Rights; refused induction into the U.S. army in 1967 • Wilma Rudolph • Star Olympic athlete in track and field • United Press Athlete of the Year and the Associated Press Woman Athlete of the Year (1960) • Carl Lewis • Dominated track and field on the world stage for >decade • Four Olympic gold medals in 1984 • Last Olympic gold medal in 1996 at age 35 Sport Books Publisher

  41. Michael Jordan Basketball • Michael Jordan • One of the greatest athletes of all time • 15-year NBA career • NBA accolades: 6 championships, 7 scoring titles, 6 Finals MVP trophies, 5 league MVP trophies, 1 Defensive Player of the Year award • Dr. James Naismith • Canadian-born educator known as the inventor of basketball • Also credited for developing first football helmet Sport Books Publisher

  42. Professional Tennis Arthur Ashe • Arthur Ashe • Ranked number one in the world on several occasions • Better known for being a courageous advocate for social change: • Racism and apartheid in South Africa • HIV and AIDS • Billie Jean (Moffit) King • Ranked number one in the world on numerous occasions • A tireless advocate for women’s rights • In “the Battle of the Sexes” (1973) King defeated former Wimbledon men’s champion Bobby Riggs (6-4, 6-3, 6-3) Billie Jean King Sport Books Publisher

  43. The Business of Sport Sport Books Publisher

  44. The Business of Sport • Economic factors now dominate major decisions that affect the business of sport • Sport is one of the fastest growing industries in the U.S. • The economic conditions that allow corporate business to thrive are the same conditions necessary for the survival of commercial sport Sport Books Publisher

  45. The Business of Sport Licensing fees Gate receipts Media rights Merchandise Revenues from sales of concessions Internet hits Other? Sponsorship Sport Books Publisher

  46. Professional Sports in North America • Athletes are paid • Sports are privately owned Sport Books Publisher

  47. Amateur Sport in the US • Athletes participate for the love of the game, not for a salary • Do not have owner • Have governing bodies: • President’s Council on Physical Fitness • United States Olympic Committee • Amateur Athletic Union Sport Books Publisher

  48. Sport Books Publisher

  49. Sport Sponsorship • An agreement between a commercial company and an individual, team, or sport that in return for money athletes advertise the names of sponsors through: • Clothing lines, corporate logos, TV ads, and choice of commodities • Found in professional and amateur sports Sport Books Publisher

  50. Money Made Money Lost Sport Sponsorship: Advantages and Disadvantages for Professional Athletes Sport Books Publisher

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