The Progressive Era

1. The Progressive Era American History II - Unit 2 Ms. Brown

2. WARM UP – SEPTEMBER 13 Grab the guided notes and handouts from the front table and use your noted from yesterday to answer these questions on a post it: • 1. In what ways did Americans find recreation and leisure at the turn of the 20th century? • 2. How did changes in the printing and newspaper industries contribute to increased distribution of communication? • 3. In what ways was consumerism encouraged at the turn of the 20th century?

3. 2.2 – EDUCATION, SEGREGATION & DISCRIMINATION

4. Expanding Public Education • Despite earlier reforms in education, after the Civil War… • Many school-aged children did not attend school • Most left within 4 years • Few attended high school • Early 20th century education reformers viewed education as… • For the student, not the teacher • The means to prepare students for participation in civic life • A training ground for employment and economic advancement • A way to assimilate immigrants into American society • A key aspect of a stable and democratic nation

5. Expanding Public Education • By 1895, laws required compulsoryschool attendance for 12-16 weeks for children 8-14 • Compulsory – mandatory • By 1900, kindergarten (for youngest students) added to public school systems

6. Expanding Public Education • Industrialization  high demand for skilled workers (technical and managerial) • By 1900, high schools… • Were attended by over 1 million children • Expanded the academic curriculum to include science, civics, and social studies • Added vocational courses in secretarial work (females) and drafting, carpentry, and mechanics (males) Raleigh High School (1907) – Raleigh’s first public high school

7. Disparities in Education • Race disparity in elementary school attendance • 62% of white children • 34% of black children • Not until 1940s that public education is widely available to black children in the South • Blacks were mostly excluded from high school education. • 1910 – 3% of blacks 15-19 attended high school • Wealthy blacks in the north could opt for private school

8. Immigrants and Education Italian children recite the Pledge of Allegiance • Unlike blacks, immigrants were encouraged to attend school. • Taught English and civics • Promoted nationalism and patriotism - “Americanized” immigrant children • Some immigrants resented the suppression of native customs and languages. • Adult and child immigrants attended night class in English and civics  citizenship test Italian immigrants in a night class

9. Expanding Higher Education • 1880-1920 – enrollment in university quadrupled • Industrialization and urbanization  new university courses • Foreign languages • Physical sciences • Psychology and sociology (new fields) • Professional schools – law and medicine • Admissions usually based on high school diploma, some schools required entrance exams

10. Blacks and Higher Education • Excluded from white institutions  founded Howard, Atlanta, and Fisk Universities • Help from Freedman’s Bureau • By 1900, only 4% of blacks attended university

11. Legal Discrimination • Jim Crow laws – discriminatory laws passed by gov’ts of southern states to restrict rights of blacks • Legal discrimination – discriminatory practices outlined in legislation/laws and enforced by a gov’t. • During Reconstruction - FED legislation and Constitutional amendments gave blacks citizen and voting rights • Post-Reconstruction South - STATE and LOCAL gov’ts passed Jim Crow laws and segregation laws • Segregation – legal separation of races in public/private facilities

12. Legal Discrimination • Poll tax – fee required to register to vote • Literacy tests – reading/writing test required to register to vote • Blacks were asked harder questions, given more difficult passages, or given a test in a foreign language • Officials would pass/fail applicants as they wished • Grandfather clause – allowed voting rights if a person’s ancestors could vote prior to 1867 • Loophole for white applicants who could not pay the poll tax or failed the literacy test

13. WARM UP – SEPTEMBER 15 • Grab the guided notes and handout from the front table and answer the following questions on a post it using your notes from Tuesday • 1. For what reasons did education reformers push for expanded public education? • 2. What was the purpose of Jim Crow laws? Provide at least one example of a Jim Crow law • 3. What was Booker T. Washington’s and WEB Du Bois strategy for black advancement?

14. ON THE SAME POST IT AS THE WARM UP - • Brainstorm and respond to the following question – Today will be discussing institutional discrimination – discrimination that is simply accepted as being normal • Think about the society we live in today – can you think of any aspects of society where prejudices in regards to race or sex are so engrained that they are simply accepted and part of the norm

15. Plessy v. Ferguson • SCOTUS failed to overturn Jim Crow laws in the late 1800s and even issued decisions upholding segregation • Plessy v. Ferguson(1896) - Background • Homer Plessy (1/8th black with fair skin) sat in a “Whites Only” train car in Louisiana, refused to move, arrested  violated LA’s “Separate Car” segregation law • Judge Ferguson of the Orleans Parish upheld the arrest and segregation law • Plessy appealed, eventually suing Ferguson  picked for review by SCOTUS

16. Plessy v. Ferguson • Plessy v. Ferguson(1896) – Arguments • Plessy– LA’s segregation laws violated the 14th Amendment • “No state shall… deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the law.”– 14th Amendment • Ferguson – states have the right to regulate railroad companies while they operated within state boundaries • “… that all railway companies carrying passengers in their coaches in this State, shall provide equal but separate accommodations for the white, and colored races.”– LA Acts 1890, No. 111

17. Plessy v. Ferguson • Plessy v. Ferguson(1896) – Decision • 7-1 in favor of Ferguson • Laws requiring separate but equal facilities for blacks and white do not violate the Constitution • 14th Amendment provides equality under law BUT does not erase “distinctions based upon color” • Separate spaces for races “do no necessarily imply the inferiority of either race to the other.” • DISSENT – John Marshall Harlan, “The thin disguise of ‘equal’ will not mislead any one, nor atone for the wrong this day done.”

18. Institutional Discrimination • Institutional discrimination – discrimination that has been incorporated into a society’s structures, processes and procedures of organizations • Prejudices engrained so deeply in a society’s culture that discriminatory actions are commonplace • Racial violence • Blacks and others who did not follow the unspoken racial rules could face violence • Lynching - public executions by a mob, often by hanging, in order to punish an alleged transgressor, or to intimidate a minority group • 1882-92 – more than 1400 blacks lynched • Shot, burned, hung without trial for accused crime/transgression

19. Ida B. Wells • Outspoken black activist against discrimination, especially lynching • Born into slavery (1862), later a teacher and paper editor • Raised awareness of racial injustices through writings, lecturing, and organizing for civil rights

20. Discrimination in the North • Post-Civil War and Reconstruction – some blacks moved north to find jobs and start fresh • Discrimination existed in the north as well • Segregated neighborhoods • Discriminatory hiring practices • Exclusion from some labor unions • Race riots over competition for jobs and unfair treatment by police – NYC Race Riot in 1900

21. Discrimination in the West • Blacks, Mexicans, Asians, Native Americans faced discrimination in western states • Mexicans • Late 1800s – hired in large numbers for railroad construction, mining, irrigation projects, agriculture • Paid less than white workers in the same jobs • Debt peonage – system of forced slave labor in order to work off a debt to the employer • Declared unconstitutional by SCOTUS in 1911 • Chinese • Mostly west-coast, pushed into segregated neighborhoods and schools • Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) – restricted Chinese immigration

22. Muckrakers • Journalists who exposed and raised awareness of social injustices, economic wrongdoings, and political corruption

23. Goals of the Progressive Era • Increased social, economic, and political injustices + awareness (muckrakers)  desire for change and reform • Progressive Movement – social, economic, and political movement of the early 20th century to restore economic opportunities and correct injustices in American life • Protect social welfare • Promoting moral improvement • Creating economic reform • Fostering efficiency

24. Late 1800s: The Social Gospel Movement, settlement houses, Jane Addams  provide social services to ease harsh living/working conditions • YMCA’s expand • Libraries, classes, swimming pools, handball courts • Salvation Army • Soup kitchens, nurseries • Florence Kelly • Advocate for women and children • Influenced passage of Illinois Factory Act in 1893 – banned child labor and limited women’s working hours. Protecting Social Welfare

25. Women in the Workplace

26. No suffrage, couldn’t directly influence political reform  “social housekeeping” in workplace, housing, education, temperance • Rise of women’s clubs – discuss literature, art, reform • Higher education – women’s only colleges • Vassar College, Smith College, Wellesley College • Meredith College in Raleigh - 1891 • Marriage no longer only option • National Association of Colored Women (NACW, 1896) • Mission: “the moral education of the race with which are identified.” – nurseries, reading rooms, kindergartens Women Lead Reform

27. Susan B. Anthony – women’s suffragist (but not black suffrage) • National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) • Resistance to women’s suffrage • Liquor industry – women would vote to outlaw alcohol • Textile industry – women would vote to ban child labor • Some feared the swift increase of social groups, including women, blacks, immigrants, etc fear of change Women’s Suffrage

28. Women’s Suffrage

29. WARM UP – SEPTEMBER 19 • Grab the Guided Notes and handouts from the front table and answer the following review questions on a post-it using your notes from Thursday: • 1. Who were the muckrakers and what was their goal? • 2. What were the 4 goals of the Progressive Movement? • 3. In what ways did women attempt to reform their place in society despite not having the right to vote?

30. Reformers wanted immigrants and poor city dwellers to improve their lives by improving their moral standards • Prohibition – banning of alcoholic beverages • Women’s Christian Temperance Movement (1874) • Go into saloons and bars to sing and pray and urge the saloonkeepers to stop providing alcohol  Immigrants not having it • Carry Nation – go into saloons and smash bottles/bar with hatchet, yell at customers Promoting Moral Improvement

31. Panic of 1893 + growing wealth gap + monopolies… • Socialism gaining popularity with workers (gov’t control, equal distribution of wealth) • Eugene Debs – American Socialist Party (1901) • Most progressives distanced themselves from socialism but recognized their arguments Creating Economic Reform

32. Some reformers believed scientific study of the workplace could improve worker conditions • Scientific management- a management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operation and find ways to minimize the time needed to complete it • Assembly line - each worker does one specialized task in the construction of the final product • Henry Ford – Model T • 8 hr work day, $5/day to prevent strikes which would destroy efficiency Fostering Efficiency

33. Reforming Child Labor • Why hire children? • Unskilled labor • Lower wages – would work to help family • Smaller bodies and hands for small tools/parts • Problems with child labor • Decreased education • Increased accidents due to fatigue • Health issues and stunted growth

34. National Child Labor Committee (1904) • compiled and presented evidence of child labor at exhibitions to raise awareness • Supported by labor unions – child labor lowered pay for all workers • Helped pass state legislation limiting child labor and working hours • Muller v. Oregon (1908) and Bunting v. Oregon (1917) – 10 hr workday for men and women. • States passed laws requiring compensation to injured workers and families of killed workers Reforming Child Labor & Working Hours

35. Natural disasters in TX and OH led to city councils and city council-managers to help rebuild Mayors – rooted out corruption, helped unemployed, regulated taxes, lowered transportation costs. Reforming Local Government http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Searching_for_bodies,_Galveston_1900.ogg

36. Robert La Follette – progressive Republican in Wisconsin • “Fighting Bob” • 3 term governor • Eliminate relationships between gov’t ad businesses • Targeted railroad industry (regulated rates, taxed railroad property) • Charles B. Aycock • 1st Progressive NC Governor – targeted big business and education reforms Reforming State Government

37. Reforms in local/state governments eliminated political machine activity  expanded citizen participation. • Initiative – bill created by the people, not lawmakers, and placed on a ballot • Referendum – a vote on the initiative • Recall– voters can remove elected officials from office by forcing them to face another election before the end of their term • Primary system – voters, not political machines, decided the candidates that run for public office • 17th Amendment – direct election of senators by the people, not state legislatures. Reforming Elections

38. Theodore Roosevelt • Wealthy NY family • Severe asthmatic but mastered horseback riding, marksmanship, boxing, and wrestling • Republican (but increasingly progressive) - 3 terms in NY state assembly, NYC police commissioner, assistant secretary of US Navy, NY Governor, VP to McKinley • 1901 – McKinley assassinated Teddy as POTUS (youngest at 42) • 26th POTUS 1901-1908

39. The “teddy bear” is named after Teddy Roosevelt! • Refused to shoot a bear because it was unsportsmanlike, however instructed that the bear be put out of its misery (clubbed) • Toy maker Morris Michtom created a stuffed bear and called it “Teddy’s bear” • Roosevelt gave permission to use his name  toys were an immediate success Fun Fact!

40. Steward: a person who acts an agent for others Believed the POTUS should be a “steward of the people” – POTUS and fed gov’t are responsible for national welfare Teddy’s Use of the Bully Pulpit Bully Pulpit An office of high ranking that permits the holder to speak out and be heard  shape legislation and policies “It is the duty of the president to act upon the theory that he is the steward of the people, and to assume that he has the legal right to do whatever the needs of the people demand, unless the Constitution or the laws explicitly forbid him to do it.”

41. Roosevelt’s Square Deal: progressive reforms to provide equal opportunity to all Americans • Used his presidency (his “bully pulpit”) to end big business rule • Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 banned monopolies… but was hard to enforce and monopolies continued to grow. • Roosevelt  trustbuster: good and bad trusts (monopolies) should be broken apart  used SCOTUS to interpret the law and apply it to illegal monopolies • Northern Securities Railroad – dissolved by Supreme Court • American Tobacco v. US – broke tobacco monopoly into smaller companies Federal Power and Teddy Roosevelt

42. 1902 Anthracite Coal Strike: Roosevelt brought management and strikers to DC to compromise (arbitrator - federal commission) • 1) federal gov’t would intervene in big business issues if threatening the public welfare • 2) reflected the progressive belief that disputes could be settled by efficient arbitration • Railroad Regulation • Elkins Act in 1903 – no more railroad rebates (refunds) to businesses and railroads must inform the public if rates changed. Federal Power and Teddy Roosevelt

43. Roosevelt disgusted by practices detailed in Sinclair’s The Jungle created commission to investigate meat industry • Meat Inspection Act of 1906 – cleanliness requirements and federal meat inspection program • Did not require date-of-manufacture to printed on canned goods Regulating Food and Drugs

44. Food and drug ads claimed to do everything including cure cancer • Popular medicines contained opium, cocaine, and alcohol • Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906– products must have clear labels detailing ingredients and actual effects • did not prohibit/ban harmful ingredients Regulating Food and Drugs

45. By the late 19th century, America had exploited its natural resources/environment • Water pollution, deforestation, mines, logging floods • Roosevelt believed in conservation – some natural areas should be preserved while others cultivated for economic resources • Compared to preservation – existing natural areas should be maintained and not cultivated • National Reclamation Act of 1902 – funded irrigation projects and clean water practices in the West (Roosevelt Dam and the Shoshone Dam) Conservation and Natural Resources

46. Roosevelt and Civil Rights • Failed to support civil rights for African Americans on a large federal scale • Invited Booker T. Washington to DC to symbolize his support for civil rights • Did not impress more radical civil rights activists (Team Du Bois) • Claimed Washington was the “white man’s black man” – the least threatening civil rights activist at the time • Civil rights for blacks found little support from the federal government of the Progressive Era.