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Understanding Earthquakes: Causes, Locations, and Effects

Learn how and where earthquakes form, the largest earthquakes in the world, the most earthquake-prone country, the New Madrid fault zone, and the impact of earthquakes on cities. Discover the science behind earthquakes and how they are predicted.

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Understanding Earthquakes: Causes, Locations, and Effects

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  1. How and where Earthquakes form http://www.thirteen.org/programs/nova/deadliest-earthquakes/ NOVA: Deadliest EQ’s http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/map/ USGS real-time EQ’s

  2. An earthquake is a shaking “quaking” of the Earth caused by earth Nuclear bomb explosion Cavern collapse volcanic eruption meteor impact

  3. Earthquakes are caused by the motion along plate boundaries

  4. Earthquake Scavenger Hunt Find the following at: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/ • Largest earthquake in the world, ever. • Largest earthquake in U.S. • Country with the most earthquakes. • Where are most earthquakes located? • Which plate boundary has the largest, deepest EQs? • Where was the most recent EQ? (today) • Where is the New Madrid fault zone? • Whatcauses a tsunami? How high can they get?

  5. Where do most of the world’s earthquakes occur? http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es1001/es1001page02.cfm

  6. Earthquakes are… Vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of… ENERGY Energy in the form of Mechanical waves that move through Earth’s crustal rock https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yi3LW5riHfc

  7. Enough energy to flatten entire cities in less than a minute!

  8. Earthquakes are caused by STRAIN that builds up between plates along a fault. A FAULT : where the opposing (shearing) motion between two lithospheric plates moving in opposite direction FRICTION between the rock surfaces prevent the plates from sliding easily.

  9. San Andreas Fault A break in the lithospheric crust along which movement occurs. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZxPTLmg0ZCw&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1 (3 min)

  10. Earthquakes occur at faults as plates move Laterally: strike-slip fault Down: normal fault Up: thrust fault

  11. New Madrid Fault zone

  12. Illinois has many faults and fractures, most in southern Illinois

  13. Focus: the point in the earth’s crust that moves /shiftsEpicenter: the location on the earth’s surface above the focus.

  14. Epicenter: the location on the earth’s surface above the focus. The waves spread out from the epicenter

  15. Ratio: Compare (divide) distance of 2 and 3 spaghettis to your original distance for 1 spaghetti

  16. Convergent boundary At convergent boundaries the ocean plate plunges under the continental plate. They scrape and produce large amounts of friction anddeep earthquakes.

  17. Do the Strike-slip Fault Investigation

  18. Elastic Rebound Theory

  19. Stress and strainbuilds along faultsFriction prevents the plates from moving easily

  20. Elastic rebound

  21. https://www.youtube.com/watch?x-yt-ts=1421914688&v=-5BgKKutxBs&x-yt-cl=84503534&feature=player_embeddedhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?x-yt-ts=1421914688&v=-5BgKKutxBs&x-yt-cl=84503534&feature=player_embedded

  22. EQ prediction • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFB-qpiKccs • http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/earthquake/earthquakes-prediction-9-methods-to-predict-earthquake/13915/

  23. Unit: ___7_______ Topic: ___Earthquakes_______

  24. The story so far… • Two tectonic plates do not flow past each other smoothly, but rather the faults that form their boundaries tend to stick or lock up for years at a time due to friction. • Each year the portions of plates near locked faults move slowly a few millimeters and deform elastically. • The more the plates are stretch and deformed, the greater the force is on the fault (shear stress). • Eventually the force is sufficient to overcome the friction and make the plates break free of one another • The elastic energy that has been stored up is released and ground vibrations. (seismic waves). • This process of faulting is called stick-slip or elastic rebound. 

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