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Managing Irrigation water:

Managing Irrigation water:. Lyndon Kelley MSU Extension / Purdue University Irrigation Management Agent. WWW.msue.msu.edu - find St. Joseph Co. - then hit the Irrigation button. Size , Scale and Make-up. Indiana 313,000 acres.

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Managing Irrigation water:

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  1. Managing Irrigation water: Lyndon Kelley MSU Extension / Purdue University Irrigation Management Agent WWW.msue.msu.edu - find St. Joseph Co. - then hit the Irrigation button

  2. Size , Scale and Make-up Indiana 313,000 acres Michigan – 452,000 acres Summarized from 2002 Agricultural Census 11 Counties = 73.8 % of total 11 Counties = 69.2 % of total

  3. Needed Irrigation 5.5” Normal rainfall 34.6 Crop need 15.6” total

  4. Estimated rainfall recharge Scientific Investigations Report 2005–5284 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey

  5. Water Quantity Needed • Irrigation water replaces the plant water use (removed from soil) • Water use is directly correlated to light interception • 50% light interception results in about 50% of the maximum water use • Maximum water use mid-July early August, full light interception, highest temperatures brightest and longest days. Evapotranspiration (ET) = fn (net radiation) + fn (temperature) + fn (wind speed) + fn (air humidity)

  6. Weighing Lysimeter Rain and Irrigation increase weight Evapotransporation decrease weight

  7. Field beans Corn Soys Potato Alfalfa Alfalfa Corn Field beans Soys From Minnesota Extension bulletin “Irrigation Scheduling”, assuming temperature 80-89

  8. Sprinkler overlap with end gun • 2. Lack of system uniformity • 5-35% loss in effectiveness 1. Irrigation Runoff(comparing irrigation application rate to soil infiltration rate) 0 -30 % loss Three factor reducing effective water application • 3. Evaporative loss to the air • Minimal loss in our humid area • 0 – 6% • Estimated 4-6% loss in Nebraska

  9. Necessary application rate to achieve effective evapo-transportation rates at variousapplication efficiencies

  10. Quantity Needed • Maximum water use for most crops is .27 - .32 in./day • 3 gal/minute/acre pump capacity = 1”/week • 5 gal/minute/acre pump capacity = .25 in./day • 7 gal/minute/acre pump capacity =.33 in./day, 1”every 3 days • 500 gal/minute pump can provide 1” every 4 days on 100 acres

  11. Think of your soil as a bank Soil type : Heavier soil can hold more water / foot of depth than light soils Water holding capacity: The soil (bank) can hold only a given volume of water before it allow it to pass lower down. Intake rate: Water applied faster than the soil intake rate is lost. Deletion: Plants can pull out only 30 - 60% of the water Rooting depth: The plant can only get water to the depth of it’s roots. Water lost from the bottom of the profile can wash out (leach) water soluble nutrients and pesticides.

  12. Calculating Water Holding Capacity

  13. Calculating drought capacity • Crop ET. was 0.30 in./day • Available water capacity of 03.0 in.(AWCI • Irrigation system can apply 0.20 in./day. • Started irrigating when the AWC was 1.0 in. down • 3.0 in.(AWC) - 1.0 in. = 2.0 in. available capacity • 2.0 in. available capacity / 0.10 daily deficit = 20 days • 20 days of drought capacity- Not Considering down time

  14. Limited water supply Irrigation Management • Diversify the crops sharing the water supply between high and low water use. • Stager planting date to stager peak water need times. • Plant part of irrigated area to a sacrifice crop to neglect during extended drought. • Start irrigating early to bank water ahead. • Stager forage crop cutting dates to avoid simultaneous peak use.

  15. 20 acres 30 acres 20 acres 30 acres 1320’ Field #10 1109’

  16. 6-1-08 SW 1/4 corn 3.0 36” 50 1.5 Available 2.00 1.85 1.70 1.52 1.34 1.94 1.79 Jun 21 Jun 22 Jun 23 Jun 24 Jun 25 Jun 26 75 75 85 85 75 75 .15 .15 .18 .18 .15 .15 -0- -0- -0- -0- -0- -0- 0.75

  17. Mendon Estimated Evapotranspiration (ET) for July 4, 2008 • Irrigation scheduling links: • Historical E.T. for this site • MSU Scheduler IS 4 • MichIana Irrigation Scheduler • MSU Scheduler Excel • MSU Paper check book system • Explanation of estimated E.T.. • Corn – 105 day maturity emerging on the listed date in 30” rows. • Soybean – for grow 3.0 emerging on the listed date. • E.T. have been estimate for two days in the future based on future weather forecast.

  18. www.agry.purdue.edu/irrigation/IrrDown.htm

  19. MichIana Irrigation Scheduler: Purdue Agronomy web site –Est. From High / Low temp. & date

  20. MichIana Irrigation Scheduler – out put

  21. Irrigation Scheduling Checkbook Challenges ?? Soil Moisture ?? Errors will accumulate over time -Weekly ground truthing needed Rainfall variability is more than often considered Only "effective” rainfall and irrigation should be considered - Only water entering root zone uniformly is "effective” Corn crop mature in program by calendar, not heat

  22. Methods to Estimate Soil Moisture • Feel an Appearance • Electrical resistance – electrodes on blocks in soil • Tensiometers – measures soil moisture tension

  23. Qualitative evaluation of soil water monitoring devices. A score of 1 is least favorable while a score of 10 is most favorable. AQ - Aquaterr Probe TM - Tensiometer GB - Gypsum Block WB - Watermark Block NP - Neutron Probe TDR -Time Domain Reflectometry GS - Gravimetric Sampling AP - Troxler Sentry 200-AP

  24. Gravimetric Sampling • Wet weight – Dry weight of a know volume of soil. • Often refered to as a “can test”

  25. Have you seen yield map patterns that match the irrigation system configuration?

  26. Sprinkler overlap with end gun WWW.msue.msu.edu/St Joe /Irrigation Tower 1 Tower 3 Tower 5 Tower 7 Tower 8

  27. Greatest improvement needed • End gun stop adjustment • Water supply over or under design • End gun orifice, too little or too much • Wrong sprinkler or tip • Leaks, plugs and no turn sprinklers

  28. Water supply over or under designsupply over design yield tail up,supply under design yield tail downExample of Water supply under volume for sprinkler design

  29. Total Acres 126acres 96 acres 71 acres 49 acres 31 acres 18 acres 2 acres 2072’ 3109’ 30 acres 25 acres 22 acres 13 acres 10 acres 18 acres 4145’ 330’ 5181’ 495’ 6217’ 7253’ 660’ 8290’ circumference 990’ Over and under application issue affect the majority of the application area 8 acres 6 acres 165’ 825’ 1155’ 1320’ Feet from center

  30. Most system apply within 85% of the expected application Application is 4 % under expectation

  31. Measure flow at desired pressure prior to ordering sprinkler package Poor performance: Ask dealer to measure flow at peak water use season and compare to design parameters.

  32. Assure the best plant stand possible • Irrigate, if necessary, to make sure to get maximum germination and uniform emergence. • Wet down 2.5” within five days of planting, ½” in most irrigated soil • Maintain a moist surface,0.10” to 0.20” applications, till spike. • Are you ready to irrigate the day you plant?

  33. Using irrigation to get the most from pesticides and nutrients Timely application of irrigation water: • Improves incorporation of herbicides. • Improves activation of herbicides. • Improves activation/reactivation of insecticides. • Reduces nitrogen volatilization. • Maximizes yield to utilize the resources.

  34. Do not apply this product through any type of irrigation system. • If available, sprinkler irrigate within 2 days after application. Apply ½” -1” of water. Use lower water volumes (½” ) on coarse-textured soils, higher volumes heavier soils (1”) on fine-textured soils.

  35. Are appropriate backflow prevention devices in place and properly maintained if fertigation or chemigation is used? Backflow prevention safety devices are usedand properly maintained if fertigation or chemigation are used. 2.9 Irrigation Management Practices

  36. Are appropriate backflow prevention devices in place and properly maintained if fertigation or chemigation is used? Distance requirements between well and contamination, and agricultural chemical/fertilizer storage and preparation areas are at least 150 feet from the well. 2.11 Irrigation Management Practices

  37. Irrigation management to Protect Groundwater • Backflow protection with Air gap and vacuum relief -required for chemigation and fertigation - good idea for all systems. -Interlocks between nitrogen pump and irrigation pump. -Backflow protection between injection point and supply tank.

  38. Chemigation / Fertigation Systems - Safety Interlock

  39. Are split applications of nitrogen fertilizer used when nitrogen is used in irrigated field? Split applications of nitrogen fertilizer are used when nitrogen is used in an irrigated field.N application does not exceed MSU recommendation. 2.8 Irrigation Management Practices

  40. Chemigation – Application of pesticide via irrigation water. Fertigation – Application of fertilizer via irrigation water.

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