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Improved Bluegrasses and Ryegrasses for Fairways

Improved Bluegrasses and Ryegrasses for Fairways. Dr. Leah A. Brilman Research Director Seed Research of Oregon. Bluegrass for fairways. Requirements Summer patch resistance needed especially in high traffic areas Ability to take 1/2 inch cut Wear tolerant - entire season

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Improved Bluegrasses and Ryegrasses for Fairways

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  1. Improved Bluegrasses and Ryegrasses for Fairways Dr. Leah A. Brilman Research Director Seed Research of Oregon

  2. Bluegrass for fairways • Requirements • Summer patch resistance needed especially in high traffic areas • Ability to take 1/2 inch cut • Wear tolerant - entire season • Rapid recovery from divots - should be on seeding program • Resist Poa annua invasion • Upright growth for good lie • Powdery mildew, leaf spot resistance

  3. Bluegrass for fairways • Requirements • Rapid establishment • Fine texture • High sod tensile-strength • Rapid recuperative potential • Aggressive growth • High turf quality in your area • Stress tolerant

  4. Compact Types CELA Type Compact Bellevue Type Midnight Mid-Atlantic type America Cheri Type Aggressive Type BVMG Type Julia Type Common Type Shamrock Type Other Type Types of Kentucky Bluegrasses

  5. Selection of type of bluegrass for fairways NJ Wear - Spring, summer and fall wear High performers Low performers Compact America Midnight BVMG Julia Cheri Aggressive Common Mid-Atlantic Repeat with wear, compaction different seasons Types of Kentucky Bluegrasses

  6. 2003 2003 Cultivar Quality Cultivar Quality Julius 8.3 Midnight 6.6 Limousine 8.1 Midnight II 6.6 Chicago II 7.9 Champlain 6.3 Bariris 7.2 Rugby II 6.3 Ulysses 7.0 Tsunami 6.3 Kingfisher 7.0 SR 2284 6.2 Julia 6.9 P-105 6.1 Rampart 6.9 Liberator 5.6 Arcadia 6.8 Baron 4.5 Total Eclipse 6.7 Kenblue 3.2 LSD @ 5% 0.8 Univ. of Maryland 2000 NTEP Kentucky Bluegrass Trial2003 Data Mown at 1/2 inch

  7. Selection of type of bluegrass for fairways WI Wear trial - fall wear Combined with perennial ryegrass varying percentages Only obtained 50% KBG with less than 15% rye No difference between Midnight types, BVMG types, Aggressive types Common types less wear tolerant Midnight, Fairfax more dominant in blends Longer establishment without rye - use sod Types of Kentucky Bluegrasses

  8. IA Wear trial - 1996-2000 NTEP Cheri type - Serene Other type - Coventry, Chateau Common type - Kenblue America type - America, good - Unique, Brilliant, Apollo, Showcase Midnight type - Rugby II, good - Midnight, Award, Nustar, NuGlade Shamrock type- Champagne Types of Kentucky Bluegrasses

  9. Low, compact growth High quality turf 1/2 inch cutting height Excellent resistance to Leaf Spot Long Winter dormancy Variable under Summer stress Often purple Winter color Compact TypesCompact, Midnight, America

  10. Compact Type Cultivars • SR 2109 Alpine • Ram I Diva • Moonshadow Platini • Wildwood Indigo • Moonlight Glade • Blackstone Apex • Blacksburg

  11. Midnight Type • Characteristics of compact type • Very dark green color • Late Spring green-up • Good heat tolerance • Susceptible to powdery mildew • Variable resistance to Summer Patch • Not good in shade sites • Color shows Poa annua

  12. Midnight Type Cultivars • Arcadia Rugby II Ginney • Odyssey Impact Awesome • Midnight Total Eclipse Barrister • Liberator Quantum Leap Beyond • Award Absolute Impact • NuGlade Tsunami Excursion • NuDestiny Midnight II Bluestone

  13. Arcadia Kentucky blue Better shade tolerance than Midnight or Blacksburg Excellent performance in the Transition zone High summer patch resistance Improved Dollar Spot resistance Tolerates reduced mowing heights Excellent root structure Uses: Fairways, Roughs, Sports Fields, Sod Production, Home Lawns (Shaded Areas)

  14. Odyssey Kentucky blue • Excellent performance under low nitrogen • Improved Dollar Spot resistance • Improved Summer Patch performance than Award and Quantum Leap • Tolerates reduced mowing heights • Excels under lower management • Excellent summer persistence • Uses: Fairways, Roughs, Sports Fields, Sod Production, Home Lawns

  15. Aggressive Type • Aggressive lateral growth • High shoot density • Very wear tolerant • Quickly knit sod and repair • May predominate in blend • Variable in other characteristics • Check for disease resistance

  16. Aggressive Type Cultivars • Cheetah Orfeo • Bariris P-105 • Touchdown Mystic • Limousine Northstar

  17. Aggressive Type Cultivars • Cheetah - PpH 6370 - Cynthia x Limousine • Good with summer wear in NJ, high density, sports fields, fairways • Excellent in low light intensity • Reduced Poa annua invasion • High summer patch resistance • Orfeo • Rapid germination, aggressive growth • Superior in Europe for wear tolerance • Great for sod

  18. Julia Type • High turf quality • High density • Good Summer performance • Moderate Winter performance • Good Leaf Spot, Stripe Smut resistance • Susceptible to Brown Patch, Dollar Spot

  19. Julia Type Cultivars • Ulysses • Rampart • Avalanche • Julia • Caliber • Ikone

  20. Ulysses Kentucky blue • Julia type • High performance at 1/2 inch cut • Excellent performance with season long wear • Excellent summer persistence • Uses: Fairways, Roughs, Sports Fields, Sod Production, Home Lawns

  21. America Type • Characteristics of compact type • Finer leaf, higher density • Excellent at 1/2 inch • Moderate Winter dormancy • Moderate Summer recovery • High Summer Patch resistance • Resistant to powdery mildew • Good in shade

  22. America Type Cultivars • Showcase Apollo • SR 2284 Brilliant • Kingfisher Langara • America Unique • Bedazzled Sonoma • Boutique Royale • Arrow Bordeaux • Glenmont Mallard

  23. Kingfisher Kentucky blue • Exceptional spring green-up and winter color • Very fine textured • Improved rust and leaf spot resistance • Short internodes for denser canopy and wear recovery • Improved Heat and Drought Tolerance • Excellent performance at 1/2 inch • Excellent summer patch resistance • Uses: Fairways, Roughs, Sod Production, Home Lawns (Shaded Areas)

  24. Showcase Kentucky Blue • Improved fall color, better than Midnight • Better summer stress recovery than Blacksburg • Improved Summer Patch resistance than Blacksburg, Award • Improved Powdery Mildew resistance • Short internodes for denser canopy and wear recovery • Rated top of 1995 NTEP for 1/2” mowing height

  25. SR 2284 Kentucky blue • Exceptional spring green-up and winter color • Very fine textured • Improved rust and leaf spot resistance • Short internodes for denser canopy and wear recovery • Improved Heat and Drought Tolerance • Uses: Fairways, Roughs, Sod Production, Home Lawns (Shaded Areas)

  26. Shamrock Type • Moderate Winter color • Good resistance to Leaf Spot • Good turf quality and sod strength • Billbug susceptible • High seed yields • Less stemmy than BVMG types • Summer performance variable • Large seed - quick germination

  27. Shamrock Type Cultivars • SR 2100 • Shamrock • Champagne • Parkland • Champlain • Lakeshore • Brooklawn

  28. SR 2100 Kentucky blue • Performs a lot like an aggressive-type • Darker color than Eclipse and Limousine • Better in full sun than in dense shade • Excellent rhizomes, sod strength • Tolerates lower mowing heights • Good in low light intensities • Uses: Fairways, Roughs, Sod Production, Home Lawns

  29. Mid-Atlantic Type • Deep, extensive roots and rhizomes • Vigorous turf & medium-high density • High Summer stress tolerance • Early Spring green-up • Good Winter performance • Rapid recovery from disease • Leaf spot susceptible except: SR 2000 and Preakness

  30. Mid-Atlantic Type Cultivars • SR 2000 Livingston • Monopoly Bel-21 • Preakness Plush • Eagleton Wabash • Cabernet

  31. BVMG Type - Not for fairways • High seed yields • Medium-good turf • Stripe Smut susceptible • Medium low growth • Large seed - quick germ Medium wide leaves Very stemmy turf Poor Winter performance Billbug susceptible

  32. BVMG Type Cultivars • Baron Nassau • Victa Raven • Merit Marquis • Gnome BlueChip • Dragon Fortuna • Abbey Goldrush • BlueStar Crest • Cannon

  33. Common Type - not for fairways • Erect growth and narrow leaf blades • Good Summer stress tolerance (may go dormant) • High Leaf Spot susceptibility • Poor Winter color and performance • Early seed production • Good for soil stabilization/conservation

  34. Common Type(Midwest Ecotypes) • Kenblue Huntsville • S-21 Park • Geary Piedmont • Alene Greenley • Ginger Garfield • South Dakota Cert

  35. Why Blends and Mixtures • Kentucky bluegrass apomictic • Single genotype - other turfgrass species are mixture of genotypes • Vegetative cultivars comparison • Vegetative bentgrasses • Vegetative bermudas, zoysias, St. Augustine • Merion Kentucky bluegrass - stripe smut • Not just for disease resistance • Winter and spring growth, shade tolerance

  36. Science and nonscience of blends • Kentucky bluegrass • (Vargas and Turgeon, 1980. Proc. Third ITRC 45-52.) • Melting-out resistance of blend of two • cultivars intermediate between same • cultivars in monostands • Inoculum from susceptible cultivar reduced • resistance of resistant cultivar • Blends of two cultivars generally show resistance intermediate between each alone

  37. Science and nonscience of blends • Early blend analysis - Dr. Funk, Rutgers • Sprigged out plants to ID • Aggressive types dominated • Aggressive types based on invasion in plots • New DNA techniques allow blend analysis • (Lickfeldt et al, 2002. Crop Sci. 42:842-847.) • 3-way blend - Unique, Midnight, Blacksburg • Different management and % of each at seeding • Final composition, 40% U, 46% M, 14% B

  38. Texas bluegrass heat and drought tolerant, extensive and deep rhizomes Kentucky bluegrass turf quality 1st generation low fertility, low germination Backcrossed to Kentucky bluegrass More extensive rhizomes Greater heat and drought tolerance Must evaluate for diseases, germination vigor, apomixis Texas X Kentucky bluegrass

  39. Texas x Kentucky bluegrass • Many first hybrids poor germination • Thermal Blue = HB 129 = BH00-6002 • Improved establishment • High shear strength • Excellent rhizomes = good recovery • Good wear tolerance in Ohio - not high Rutgers • Have done good in some fairway trials • Additional new hybrids with good establishment, high drought tolerance

  40. Rhizomes on young spaced plants Deep rhizomes contribute to recovery Bluegrass usage further south Top rated for shear strength NTEP Texas X Kentucky bluegrass

  41. Perennial ryegrass • Advantages in mixtures • Quick establishment • Very dark green color • Resistant to different diseases than KBG/TF • Endophyte-enhanced • Disadvantages in mixtures • Overdominate other components • Bunch-type growth • Reduced stress tolerance

  42. Perennial ryegrass • Advantages and varietal needs • Rapid establishment - Best species for establishment during play • Winter-active growth for many uses • Daylength-dependent dwarf types less suitable • Decumbent, spreading growth - superior in Europe for repair • Reduce nitrogen requirements • Best in regular trials may not be best in wear trials

  43. Benefits of Perennial ryegrass • Benefits of adding endophyte-enhanced ryegrass to Kentucky bluegrass • Richmond and Shetlar • Percentage of perennial rye added to blue • Above 40% bluegrass webworm protection • Hairy chinch bug damage down more perennial ryegrass added • No documentation of percentage in other species • Complex of different species and different endophyte strains

  44. Perennial ryegrass • Gray leaf spot resistance • Important in MidWest, transitional zone and now California • California reports in both permanent and overseeded turf • Seedlings most vulnerable • Warm, moist conditions, especially with less hours of sunlight • Rapid advances in resistance

  45. 2003 2003 Cultivar Quality Cultivar Quality SR 4500 5.9 Gator 3 5.0 SR 4350 5.8 Barlennium 4.9 Citation Fore 5.8 Amazing 4.7 LS 2100 5.7 Pinnacle II 4.7 SR 4220 5.6 Charger II 4.7 Catalina II 5.6 Admire 4.6 Paragon 5.6 Affinity 4.5 Mach I 5.4 Promise 4.3 Racer II 5.4 Panther 4.0 Stellar 5.3 Linn 2.9 LSD @ 5% 0.9 Wear Trials 1999 NTEP Perennial Ryegrass Trial2003 Data Mean two locations

  46. Gray Leaf Spot Resistance • Rutgers University - 2001 Trial 1-9, 9 = Best • 2001 2001 • Cultivar GLS Res. Quality • Peregrine (1425) 7.0 6.4 • Integra 6.0 6.1 • Pinnacle II 5.0 5.1 • AllStar 2 4.8 5.5 • Brightstar II 4.3 4.0

  47. Gray Leaf Spot Resistance • Rutgers University - 2002 Trial 1-9, 9 = Best • 2002 2002 • Cultivar GLS Res. Quality • MS1 Comp. 8.0 7.0 • Integra Select. 7.0 5.2 • SR 4550 (1557) 7.0 4.3 • Integra 5.7 3.3 • Amazing 5.0 3.5 • Pizzazz 4.3 3.2 • LSD@5% 1.4 1.0

  48. Gray Leaf Spot Resistance • Rutgers University - 2003 Trial 1-9, 9 = Best • 2003 2003 • Cultivar GLS Res. Quality • SP Comp. 7.7 7.2 • Panther GLS 7.8 6.9 • SR 4550 (1557) 6.0 5.3 • Integra C1 6.0 6.7 • Integra 4.0 4.2 • Pizzazz 3.8 3.8 • LSD@5% 1.2 1.2

  49. Temperature and Leaf Wetness

  50. Gray leaf spot spores primarily airborne and spread by mowers, equipment (How did it get to CA?) Gray leaf spot overwinters as dormant mycelium in dead tissue - cold winters can reduce initial innoculum Long periods of leaf wetness under hot conditions favor the disease Initial innoculum builds up under lower temperatures then it explodes Often first occurs in shady, wet areas What we know

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