Unit 1 Study Guide Answers

1. Unit 1 Study Guide Answers • 1. What is the difference between basic research & applied research? • basic: research to expand our knowledge • applied: use existing research to help others (do not conduct their own research) • 2. What are the 4 major goals of psychologists? • to describe, explain, predict, and influence behaviors & mental processes

2. Unit 1 Study Guide Answers • 3. What is behavior genetics? What traits are more likely to be similar in twins? What do adopted children share more with their biological parents? With their adoptive parents? • behavior genetics: examine the role of genes in your behavior • Twins: intelligence & emotional stability • biological parents: personality traits • adoptive parents: intelligence

3. Unit 1 Study Guide Answers • 4. What are some things that can go wrong in experiments (overconfidence, confirmation bias, participant bias, hindsight bias)? • overconfidence: being more sure of yourself or your results than you should be • confirmation bias: looking for results that will agree with your hypothesis • participant bias: research subjects acting how they think you want them to act • hindsight bias: believing you know the results all along

4. Unit 1 Study Guide Answers • 5. What is the difference between the 3 different types of research (descriptive, correlation, & experimental)? • descriptive: describing only what you see • correlational: looking for a relationship between 2 variables • experimental: manipulating a variable and analyzing the results

5. Unit 1 Study Guide Answers • 6. What did the Great Chocolate Experiment teach us about sampling (i.e. what was wrong with it)? • sampling error: sample sizes can be too small to yield accurate results • 7. Identify the hypothesis, independent variable, & dependent variable of an experiment (define them here). • hypothesis: theory about what will happen • independent variable: factor you will manipulate • dependent variable: factor you will measure

6. Unit 1 Study Guide Answers • 8. Be able to calculate the mean, median, & mode of a set of data (define them here). • mean: average • median: middle number (data must be in numerical order first) • mode: number that occurs the most

7. Unit 1 Study Guide Answers • Structuralism: Theory that conscious experience could be understood by analyzing the basic elements of thoughts and sensations. • Functionalism: Studies consciousness in a way that might help us adapt to our environment. • Gestalt psychology: Psychological perspective that emphasizes our need to integrate pieces into meaningful wholes. • Psychoanalysis: Theory that our thoughts and actions can be attributed to unconscious motives, actions, and past experiences.

8. Unit 1 Study Guide Answers • Behaviorism: Theory that psychology should only study observable behaviors, not mental processes. • Social-cultural: Studies how thinking and behaviors change in groups. • Cognitive: Theory that focuses on how people think – take in, process store, and retrieve information. • Biological: Focuses on physical structures and substances underlying our behaviors and emotions.

9. Unit 1 Study Guide Answers • 3. social-cultural: We behave that way bc that’s how we responds in groups or our society/culture values those behaviors • Psychoanalysis: something in our unconscious or childhood experience motivated us to act that way • Behavioral: we learned the behavior from watching others • Cognitive: we took in & processed the information & thought that we should do that