BIOKÜTUSED

1. BIOKÜTUSED BIODIISLI TOOTMISE VÕLUD JA VALUD EESTIS

2. Biokütuste erinevad põlvkonnad • ‘First-generation biofuels’ are commercially • produced using conventional technology . • The basic feedstocks are seeds, grains, or • whole plants from crops such as corn, sugar cane, • rapeseed, wheat, sunflower seeds or oil palm. These • plants were originally selected as food or fodder and • most are still mainly used to feed people. The most • common first-generation biofuels are bioethanol • (currently over 80% of liquid biofuels production by • energy content), followed by biodiesel, vegetable • oil, and biogas. • Second-generation biofuelscan be produced • from a variety of non-food sources. These • include waste biomass, the stalks of wheat, corn • stover, wood, and special energy or biomass crops • (e.g. Miscanthus). Second-generation biofuels use • biomass to liquid (BtL) technology, by thermochemical • conversion (mainly to produce biodiesel) • or fermentation (e.g. to produce cellulosic ethanol). • Many second-generation biofuels are under developmentsuch as biohydrogen, biomethanol, DMF, • Bio-DME, Fischer-Tropsch diesel, biohydrogen diesel, • and mixed alcohols. • Algae fuel, also called oilgae, is a biofuel from • algae and addressed as a third-generation • biofuel (OECD/IEA 2008). • Algae are feedstocks • from aquatic cultivation for production of triglycerides(from algal oil) to produce biodiesel. The • processing technology is basically the same as for • biodiesel from second-generation feedstocks. • Other third -generation biofuels include • alcohols like bio-propanol or bio-butanol, which • due to lack of production experience are usually not • considered to be relevant as fuels on the market • before 2050 (OECD/IEA 2008), though increased • investment could accelerate their development. The • same feedstocks as for first-generation ethanol can • be used, but using more sophisticated technology. • Propanol can be derived from chemical processing • such as dehydration followed by hydrogenation. • As a transport fuel, butanol has properties closer to • gasoline than bioethanol.

3. Biokütuste tootmise põlvkondade areng. • Serious commercial investment in second-generation • biofuels began during 2006/2007 in many • countries, like Canada, the United States, Japan and • in the EU (REN21 2008). The world’s first commercial • wood-to-ethanol plant run by BioEthanol Japan • Kansai Co. began operation in Osaka in 2007, with • a capacity of 1.4 million litres/year. In the US, the • first commercial cellulosic ethanol facility to convert • waste wood materials into a renewable fuel went • into production near Upton, Wyoming in 2008, run • by KL Process Design Group. In Europe, the Dutch • firm Royal Nedalco was building a $200 million • plant that would produce 200 million litres/year • from wheat chaff and other wastes by late 2008.

4. Euroopa Liidu eesmärgid The EU has adopted a new EU-wide binding target of 10% of transport energy from renewable sources by 2020 (EU 2009b). Various fuels may contribute (incl. electricity) as long as they are based on renewable sources, and only alternative fuels which meet set GHG savings and limits on impacts in particular to biodiversity will count towards the legal quota. According to the directive, member states shall promote and encourage energy efficiency and energy saving. In light of recent research addressing the impacts of biofuels, the use of biofuels produced from wastes, residues, non-food cellulosic material, and ligno-cellulosic material are favoured over the use of first-generation biofuels. The net effects from the use of alternative fuels instead of currently available firstgeneration biofuels remains to be investigated.

5. Biodiisli tootmine Paldiskis BIODIESEL PALDISKI AS TEHAS JA TERMINAL 100 000T/a RME-d 11000T/a Glütserooli 6000T/a Fosfolipiide

6. TOORÕLI RAFINEERIMISE JA BIODIISLI TOOTMISE TEHNOLOOGILINE PROTSESS

7. Biodiisli lugu • Terminina on “BIODIISEL” üllatavalavalt uus. Ajalugu ulatub 1988a-sse (Hiina publikatsioon). • Tänapäevasel kujul, kus biodiisli termini all peetakse silmas eelkõige estreid, ilmus käibesse Belgia patendis aastast 1937. • Käesoleval ajal on BD kasutusel enamasti segudes mineraalse diisliga B5, B7,B10,B20 jne., kus arv näitab biodiisli protsentuaalset osa mineraalses diislikütuses. • Viimasel ajal on kokku lepitud, et väiksemaid biodiisli lisandeid B5 ja B7 ei pea eraldi tähistama vaid riikides, kus on biodiisli lisamise kohustus, ei pea biodiisli sisaldust eraldi välja tooma. • Laialdaselt on kasutusel tähistus FAME (fattyacidmethylesters), RME(rapeseedoilmethylesters) või SME (soyabeansoilmethylesters) • Eestis kehtib biodiislile aktsiisivabastus 2006a. kuni k.a. juulikuuni.

8. Biodiisli lugu Paldiskis 2005- Lage plats kidura võsaga 2006 – Tehnoloogiatarne leping 2007- Ehitustööd ja muu ettevalmistus (keskkonna kompleksluba) 2008- Maikuus tuleb esimene toodang ja aasta kokkuvõttes 21,9T 2009- Aprillikuus sisse saneerimistaotlus ja aasta kokkuvõttes 23,9T 2010-Märtsis sisse pankrotitaotlus mille kohus rahuldab juulis2010a.

9. Kasutatud kirjandus • 1.The BiodieselHandbook. AOCS Press 2005. 303lk. 732viidet + 14interneti viidet. • 2.Assessing Biofuels. UNEP,2009a., 120lk. • 3.Biodiesel Handling and UserGuide. Fourth Edition,2009a. 56lk.

10. Tänan tähelepanu eest