Complementary Paths to Aquaculture Development for the East Africa/Western Indian Ocean Region

1. Complementary Paths to Aquaculture Developmentfor the East Africa/Western Indian Ocean Region Hauke Kite-Powell, Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution hauke@whoi.edu 508-289-2938 Julianna McCorkle, Barnard College, Columbia University Aquaculture 2013, Nashville, February 2013

2. Outline • Objectives of AC Development • Measures of (Economic) Welfare • Distributive Issues • Categories of AC Development • Aquaculture Examples & Numbers • Conclusions

3. Objectives of AC Development • Protein (local / global) • Profit (local / global) • Economic opportunity (jobs, income – local) • Technical & business capabilities

4. Measures of (Economic) Welfare • GDP/population • Literacy, educational attainment • Life expectancy • Infant mortality • Malnutrition • Happiness

5. Distributive Issues • Income inequality • Population below poverty • Socio-economic mobility

6. Challenges in East Africa • Biology of local species for cultivation • Skills • Technical • Business • Infrastructure

7. Categories of AC Development • Large-scale investment for export markets • Foreign investment • finfish cage farms, shrimp ponds • Small-scale investment for local markets • Local investment • Finfish pond culture • Development investment for local markets • Hatchery-based shellfish collaboratives

8. Large Scale/Industrial Farms • High value species (finfish, shrimp) • Regional and export markets • Requires modern processing facilities • Large scale (foreign) investment (cages, ponds, infrastructure) • Rapid development; imported technical capacity • Economic development through employment; control and profits go elsewhere • Environmental and ecological considerations

9. Example: Large-scale export investment • Finfish (cage culture) or shrimp ponds • Investment [$1 million] • Markets: primarily export • Local jobs: • 10s at 1x average local wage • 2 at 10x average local wage

10. Small Scale/Artisanal Farms • Species of interest to local and regional markets (shellfish, extensive finfish culture) • Small scale/”family farm” operations and marketing cooperatives • Economic development through micro-finance and entrepreneurship; economic benefits (profits) widely shared • Requires development of local technical and business capacity

11. Example: Small-scale domestic investment • Finfish pond culture (e.g. milkfish) • Investment [$10,000s] • Markets: primarily domestic • Local jobs: • [10] at 1x average local wage • 2 at 10x average local wage

12. Example: Non-profit development investment • Hatchery-based shellfish culture • Investment [$10,000s] • Markets: primarily domestic • Local jobs: • 100s at 1x average local wage • [10] at 10x average local wage

13. Outcome Measures • GDP, income, jobs, exports • Domestic income/$ invested • At which income levels? • Jobs/$ investment • At which income levels? • Protein production for domestic markets • Skill/training outcomes • Environmental and ecological consequences

14. Comparing Outcomes • Development-focused AC targeting local markets can: • Generate more local jobs/$, especially low wage jobs • Produce broader skill-building effects in local communities • Produce greater local earnings in the low-wage segment, and broadly-shared benefits • Produce more protein for local markets

15. Conclusions • Not all AC investment $$ are “equal” • Profit-motivated foreign and domestic investment will happen on its own • Great potential in the region • Global food production needs • Development-focused AC investment is also needed • Broad-based economic development

16. Thank you. Hauke Kite-Powell Marine Policy Center Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution hauke@whoi.edu 508-289-2938 Special thanks to Julianna McCorkle for presenting these talks when I was not able to attend the conference!

17. Advancing Small-Scale Marine Aquaculturein the Western Indian Ocean / East Africa:Hatchery-Based Shellfish Farming in Zanzibar Hauke Kite-Powell, Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution hauke@whoi.edu 508-289-2938 Julianna McCorkle, Barnard College, Columbia University John Brawley, Rick Karney, Tara Riley, Skip Bennett, NarrimanJiddawi, Said Juma, YussufSalum Aquaculture 2013, Nashville, 22 February 2013

18. WIO/EA Seafood Production Africa lags in aquaculture production – Egypt is the exception Data for 2007-09. Source: FAO, Mozambique (2011).

19. WIO/EA Seafood Consumption • EA region has protein shortage • Seafood is important component of animal protein supply • Seafood supply and seafood protein are below world average Data for 2007. Source: FAO.

20. Food & Nutrition in Tanzania • Tanzania and Zanzibar have agriculturally productive lands • Tanzania feeds its people – but not very efficiently • 75% of labor force, 45% of GDP in agriculture • > 1/3 of children under 5 years affected by chronic malnutrition

21. Aquaculture Today in WIO/EA • Primarily seaweed (Tanzania) • Successful but for export only and subject to intense competition, low prices • Some industrial shrimp farms (Mozambique, Madagascar, Kenya (no longer operating), Tanzania) • Criticized for inadequate environmental protection and limited economic benefit to local communities

22. Constraints on Aquaculture Development in WIO/EA • Governance and regulatory regime • Siting and access to suitable locations • Lease tenure • Environmental protection • Technical knowledge • Hatchery operation, seed and fry production • Growout operations, health management • Infrastructure • Feed supply • Transport, processing, ice, etc.

23. Example of Small Scale Approach:Shellfish Production in Zanzibar • Training of shellfish farmers in coastal villages • Building on established markets and farming activities • Infrastructure and Technical Capability • Shellfish hatchery to provide seed • Training of hatchery operators • Training of farmers in growout and business skills

24. Seafood Farming on Zanzibar • Seaweed farming started in 1983 • Finfish farming work started in 1996: milkfish, rabbitfish in coastal ponds • Fishing is traditionally men’s work; shellfishing is traditionally women’s work • Shellfish farming is a natural extension of seaweed farming for women in coastal villages

25. Seaweed Farming on Zanzibar

26. The Zanzibar Shellfish Project • Goals • To increase shellfish production in coastal villages on Zanzibar • To improve economic opportunities and business skills for women in coastal villages • To build shellfish farming knowledge in Zanzibar Supported by: Island Creek Oysters Foundation McKnight Foundation Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution In collaboration with: Institute of Marine Science, Zanzibar (U. Dar es Salaam) FaidaMaLi, Arusha

31. Need for a Hatchery • Shellfish reproduction (“spawning”) in the wild: very low survival rate • “Spat collection” from wild stock spawning is possible but labor-intensive • Hatchery is the only way to ensure consistent growth in production

32. HatcheryComponents • A facility where “broodstock” (mature shellfish) are induced to spawn, and seed are grown under controlled conditions until they are large enough to move to growout sites • Shellfish food production (algae) • Healthy water supply • Ability to manipulate water temperature

33. Shellfish Hatchery Schematic Larval culture Source: FAO Broodstock holding area Juvenile culture Algae culture

34. Shellfish Hatchery at Institute of Marine Science, Zanzibar

36. Economics of Shellfish Farming • Small shellfish hatchery can produce 50 million seed per year • @50% survival to harvest, this yields about 500,000 kg shellfish meat (Anadara spp.) • Zanzibar market price approx. $1/kg meat; $500,000 revenue/year • $1,000 revenue per farmer (500 farmers) • Hatchery cost $50,000/year = 10% of revenue

37. Major Challenges • Water quality for hatchery operations • Reproduction biology for local/native species • Technical and business skill training • Environmental and ecological protection as seafood production expands • Appropriate mix of large-scale and small-scale aquaculture development (policy decision – requires very different approaches)

38. Thank you. Hauke Kite-Powell Marine Policy Center Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution hauke@whoi.edu 508-289-2938 Collaborators: Julianna McCorkle, John Brawley, Rick Karney, Skip Bennett, Tara Riley, NarrimanJiddawi, Said Juma, YussufSalum