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Stock Enhancement in European Lobster: Relations to Lobster Biology, Fisheries and Management

Stock Enhancement in European Lobster: Relations to Lobster Biology, Fisheries and Management. Gro I. van der Meeren, Ann- Lisbeth Agnalt , Even Moland , Esopen Moland Olsen, Alf Ring Kleiven , Knut Jørstad , Ellen S. Grefsrud , Eva Farestveit , Ole Ingar Paulsen & Trude H. Thangstad

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Stock Enhancement in European Lobster: Relations to Lobster Biology, Fisheries and Management

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  1. Stock Enhancement in European Lobster: Relations to Lobster Biology, Fisheries and Management Gro I. van der Meeren, Ann-LisbethAgnalt, Even Moland, EsopenMoland Olsen, Alf Ring Kleiven, Knut Jørstad, Ellen S. Grefsrud, Eva Farestveit, Ole Ingar Paulsen & Trude H. Thangstad Institute of Marine Research, PB 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, NORWAY

  2. Lobster research in Norway today • Aquaculture • Stock enhancement • MPA • Fisheries monitoring and technology • Reproduction, Recruitment and carrying capacity • Behaviour • Diseases (ongoing) (terminated) (ongoing) (ongoing) (ongoing) (terminated) (ongoing) Projects at the IMR

  3. Wherearethefisheries? The developmentofthefisheries Fisheries regulations. The valueofthefisheries. Wherearewe heading?

  4. The decapodcrustacean fisheries in Norway

  5. Historic landings Euopeanlobster Brown crab Deep seashrimpNorwaylobster Red kingcrab Data sources: Anon 1995. HistoricalStatistics 1994. Ch. 15 Fishing, Sealing and Whaling. StatisticsNorway, Oslo Kongsvinger 1995: pp343-364. and kindlyuptadet to 2007 by theNorwegianDirectorate for Fisheries

  6. Fisheries regulations State of the stocks:Red-listedExpandingAssumed goodExpanding Regulations: TACa- - X - X Quota per boat - -- -X License - - XXX Season closures XXX XX Gear regulations X XXXX MLSbXXXXX MaxLS- -- -- Protection of females - - - -X Protection of berried females X -- -X CultivationX- - -X MPAcX - - - -

  7. Landings ofHomarus gammarus and Nephropsnorvegicus Data sources: Anon 1995. HistoricalStatistics 1994. Ch. 15 Fishing, Sealing and Whaling. StatisticsNorway, Oslo Kongsvinger 1995: pp343-364. and kindlyuptadet to 2007 by theNorwegianDirectorate for Fisheries

  8. Total catch Alf Ring Kleiven1,2, Esben Moland Olsen 1 Jon Helge Vølstad1

  9. Where are we heading? • 2005 Introducing ecosystem-based management of marine resources to replace single-species approaches, • Wide geographical scales • Traditions • Weak databases = Separate management for these fisheries

  10. The management approach must be founded on • Biological and ecological data, • Insight in the ecosystem each species • Understanding of the value of these fisheries • The social implications

  11. MPA A ) Mean catch-per-unit-effort inside reserve- and control areas before and after reserve establishment. B) Mean size of lobsters (total length) caught in reserve and control areas before and after reserve establishment. C) Egg size of egg bearing females inside-outside in reserve and control areas before and after establishment Will be good for stock size Cannot replace the management of the surrounding waters. MPA may not be anything but conservation. Mats Ulmestrand Swedish National Board of Fisheries Øyvind Fiksen Modeling group, University of Bergen Volker Grimm UFZ, Leipzig Even Moland, Esben M. Olsen, Halvor Knutsen, Alf Ring Kleiven, Jan Atle Knutsen, IMR

  12. Cultivation by rear and release strategies • Provides a stable and controlled recruitment • Protects the organisms through vulnerable life stages • Has been attempted in a range of both terrestrial and • limnic organisms • Has more often than not been based on • ”good ideas” , ”best guesses”, and ”trial-and-error” methods Result: Few succesful programmes Cause: Lack of ecological understanding

  13. Rear organism Release Settling in Growth Intention and wanted outcome

  14. Factorsthatwill have influenceontheoutcome 1. Morphology, Physiology and Neurology2. Effect of Handling, Release and Physical Sea Conditions3. Experience4. Competition5. Habitat6. Predators7. Food

  15. 110 400 2 = 0,8412 R y = 0,0435x + 67,813 y = 0,4777x + 6,3626 2 R = 0,2973 100 300 y = 0,386x - 1,2681 CI (cm3) CL (mm) 2 R = 0,6343 y = 0,0478x + 61,337 90 200 2 R = 0,425 American lobster. CI(cm3) 100 80 350 450 550 650 750 850 950 350 450 550 650 750 850 950 Weight (g) Weight (g) European lobster CL (mm) Morphology: RelationsbetweenClawSize, Weight and CarapaceLength van der Meeren, Wahle & Ekeli, in prep

  16. 12 9 Cum. nos. 6 3 0 0,5 2,5 4,5 6,5 8,5 11 15 19 35 55 75 Min. Eur. lobster Am. lobster Evicted from shelter by an introduced competitor Morphology: Sheltercompetition van der Meeren, Wahle & Ekeli, in prep

  17. 120 100 Rushing along bottom 80 Seconds 60 40 20 0 L/W L/P D/P D/P/W D D/W L/P D/P D/P/W D D/W L/W 120 Rushing up in the water column 100 Seconds 80 60 L= Light D = Dark P = under Pressure W = in Water 40 20 Handling: Transportation Ref.: van der Meeren, G.I. 1991. Out-of-Water Transportation Effects on Behaviour in Newly Released Juvenile Atlantic Lobsters Homarus gammarus. Aquaculture Engineering 10: 55-64.

  18. 100 90 80 70 60 50 Percentage % 40 30 20 10 0 Winter Dec.-April Summer May-Nov. Recovered in stomach samples Released Releasestrategy: Survivalrelated to season Based on: van der Meeren 2000. Predation on hatchery-reared juvenile European lobsters Homarus gammarus released in the wild. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 57: 1784-1793.

  19. 70 60 50 40 * n.s. * % fighting lobsters 30 20 10 0 Cold Warm Dim Fish No fish Light PhysicalSeaConditions: Temperatureand Agressiveness Based on data from: van der Meeren, G.I. 1993. Initial response to physical and biological conditions in naive juvenile Lobsters Homarus gammarus. Marine Behaviour and Physiology 24: 79-92.

  20. Rearing and handling Release organism Alert Confused Swim Sink Apathetic Flee Loose Injury Roaming Interactions Biological factors Win Settling in Growth Settling processes at release time

  21. 80 60 Photo: Eva Farestveit % 40 20 0 X Release spot Naive Experienced Treatment Centre tube Nearest corner/wall Shelter position Experience: Directionof first moveafterrelease Ref.: van der Meeren, G.I. 2001. Effects of Experience with Shelter in Hatchery-Reared Juvenile European Lobsters Homarus gammarus. Marine & Freshwater Research 52: 1487-93.

  22. 1 8 1 5 Photo: Eva Farestveit 1 2 Minutes 9 6 3 0 Experienced Naive Not threatened Threatened Experience: Time to acceptshelter,shelteringbehaviour Ref.: van der Meeren, G.I. 2001. Effects of Experience with Shelter in Hatchery-Reared Juvenile European Lobsters Homarus gammarus. Marine & Freshwater Research 52: 1487-93.

  23. 100 90 80 70 60 50 Frequency 40 30 20 10 0 Recovered in stomach samples Released Habitat: Survivalrelated to substrate types Rocky grounds Open sand Based on: van der Meeren 2000. Predation on hatchery-reared juvenile European lobsters Homarus gammarus released in the wild. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 57: 1784-1793.

  24. Frequency 0 10 20 30 40 50 Mollusca 7.4% Nemertea 1.5% Sipunculidae 1.0.% A n o m u r a B r a c h y u r a Echinodermata 20.0% Polychata 20.0% C a r i d e a Other phyla 1.0% Pisces 0.5% T h a l a s s i n i d e a A m p h i p o d a I s o p o d a Crustacea 49.0% M y s i d a c e a A s t a c i d a e Competitors: Biodiversity Ref.: Mercer, J., Bannister, R.C.A., van derMeeren, G.I., Debuse, V., Mazzoni, D., Linnane, A., and Ball, B. 2000. The Influence of Competitive Interactions on the Abundance of Early Benthic Stage European Lobster (HomarusgammarusL.) and Hence on the Carrying Capacity of Lobster Habitat. Final Report LEAR FAIR CT-1775. Shellfish Research Laboratory, Carna, County Galway, Ireland, 158 pp.

  25. 16 H. gammarus 12 16 G. squamifera, small Nos. unsheltered G. squamifera, large 8 12 L. arcuatus 4 Nos. unsheltered 8 0 Release 2 h 25 h 49 h 73 h 4 Competitor species 0 Release 2 h 25 h 49 h 73 h Observation time P. longicornis Competitors:Biodiversity Ref.: Koponen, H . 2003. Interspecific competition among hatchery reared European lobster (HomarusgammarusL.) juveniles and wild benthic decapods.)(L.). Master thesis, University of Bergen, Norway

  26. Gadus morhua Labrus bergylta Video by E. Farestveit Photo: T. van der Meeren Photo: Astrid Woll Carcinus maenas Cancer pagurus Photo: Per Jensen Predators Summer/Autumn/ Winter Summer/Autumn All year Summer/Autumn Based on: van der Meeren 2000. Predation on hatchery-reared juvenile European lobsters Homarus gammarus released in the wild. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 57: 1784-1793.

  27. Overall survival – pooled data in all experimentalunits (H and P) Observed/Expected Source: Jørstad et al. 2009

  28. Experience Roaming Predator attack Predator attack Loose Injury Injury Injury Interactions Seeking shelter Death Death Enter shelter Win Competition Habitat and Predation Settling in successfully Growth Settlingand survival processesafter release

  29. Escape Loose Predator attack Injury Roaming Biological factors Interactions Injury Death Win Growth factors Enough food Leave shelter Food shortage Enough space Limited space Acceptable substrate Unacceptable substrate No growth Adopt shelter Growth Food and space require-ments after settling in Settling in succesfully

  30. Summary • Quality of the • release organism • depends on: • Broodstock • Health • Rearing facilities, incl. food qualiyt • Training • Handling and transport • Acclimatisation • Biological and ecological • knowledge • is necessary and should be based on: • Field studies • Laboratory experiments • Individual-based models • Ecosystem theories

  31. Release organism Rearing and handling Rear organism Alert Confused Apathetic Swim Sink Flee Escape Release Predator attack Loose Injury Injury Roaming Biological factors Interactions Death Settling in Win Ref: van der Meeren 2004. Review Potential of ecological studies to improve survival of cultivated and released European lobsters, Homarus gammarus. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 39: 399-424 Settling in succesfully Enough food Leave shelter Food shortage Enough space Limited space Acceptable substrate Unacceptable substrate No growth Growth Adopt shelter Growth Summary of important concerns related to juvenile releases

  32. Factorsthatwill have influenceontheoutcome 1. Morphology, Physiology, Neurology and Genetics2. Effect of Handling, Release and Physical Sea Conditions3. Experience4. Competition5. Habitat6. Predators7. Food

  33. Thankyou

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