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Chapter 7

Chapter 7. Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs), Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs), and International Law (IL). Theoretical Perspectives. Liberalism IGOs, NGOs, and IL matter Realism Skeptical  anarchy

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Chapter 7

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  1. Chapter 7 Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs), Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs), and International Law (IL)

  2. Theoretical Perspectives • Liberalism • IGOs, NGOs, and IL matter • Realism • Skeptical  anarchy • States act in self-interest; self-help mechanisms; prefer weak IGOs; NGOs not independent • States comply with IL when in self-interest; won’t rely on collectivity to protect national interests • Radicalism • Skeptical  stratification • Serve interests of dominant states

  3. IGOs: Various Theories • Federalism • War = military competition among sovereign states • Peace = states give up sovereignty, invest it in federal body • Functionalism • War = economic deprivation and disparity • Build and expand cooperation into political and military affairs • Collective Goods • Tragedy of the commons = individual rational attempts to maximize private gain leads to collective suffering, eventually individual suffering • Market mechanisms break down; alternative forms of management necessary • Solutions • Coercion • Restructure preferences (rewards/punishments) • Alter size of group

  4. Roles of IGOs (Table 7.1, 168) • International system • Cooperation • Information-gathering, surveillance • Dispute settlement • Activities • Bargaining • International regimes = rules, norms, and procedures • States • Foreign policy • Legitimacy • Information • Punish/constrain states • Individuals • Socialization • Education

  5. United Nations (UN): Principles • Sovereign equality; legal equality • Veto power (five permanent members of Security Council = China, France, Russia, UK, US) • Weighted voting (WB and IMF) • Jurisdiction = International problems • Charter doesn’t authorize intervention in domestic jurisdiction; distinction weakening • globalization, interdependence • human rights, civil wars viewed as international • Maintain international peace and security • States should settle disputes peacefully • Notions of security now include human security

  6. United Nations (UN): Structure • Security Council • Peace and security, enforcement • General Assembly • Debates; admits states; elects members • Secretariat (headed by Secretary General) • Gathers information; coordinates and conducts activities; power dependent on occupant • Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) • Economic and social welfare programs, specialized agencies (WHO, UNESCO) • Trusteeship Council – oversaw decolonization processes

  7. United Nations (UN): Key Issues • North-South conflict • Peacekeeping • Traditional peacekeeping (Table 7.4, 176) • Complex peacekeeping (Table 7.5, 177) • successes (Namibia) and failures (Rwanda) • Enforcement and Chapter VII • US invasion/occupation of Iraq (2003) without UN approval • Reform • Amending the charter (requires 2/3 of members and 5 permanent member of SC) • Security Council reform (highly controversial)

  8. European Union (EU) • Premier regional IGO (Tables 7.7, 7.8, 184-5) • Union of 27 European states • Originally economic integration (1950s); expanded into closer economic and political unit • 500 million people; EU passport; $13.4 trillion economy • Many (13) use common currency (euro) • Tension = support for economic and political cooperation and concern for diminution of national sovereignty • Principle institutions • European Commission, Council of Ministers, European Parliament, European Council, Economic and Social Committee, and European Court of Justice • More policy areas; conflicts over foreign policy issues and expansion

  9. Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) • NGOs = private associations of individuals or groups that engage in political, economic, or social activities usually across national borders • Diverse in organization/scope, support base, membership and functions • Functions/roles of NGOs • advocates for policies • channels for participation • mobilizing mass publics • distributing critical assistance • monitoring (e.g., human rights)

  10. NGOs • Increasing influence, numbers • Global issues require transnational and intergovernmental cooperation • Global conferences (networks) • End of Cold War (political openings) • Communications revolution • Soft power = credible information, expertise, moral authority • Resources, flexibility, independent donor bases, links with grassroots groups • Politically independent; participate at all levels; influence state behavior; versatile • Limits of NGOs • Lack traditional forms of power; no military or police forces • Cannot command obedience • Many with limited economic resources

  11. International Law (IL) • Body of rules, norms regulating interactions among states, IGOs, and individuals • Sets expectations, provides order, protects status quo, legitimates use of force by government to maintain order • Mechanism for settling disputes, protecting states from each other • Aims to be fair and equitable; norms demand obedience and compel behavior • State level: structures for making, enforcing law; widespread compliance; punishment • International system: no authoritative structures (international executive, legislature, judiciary) with compulsory jurisdiction

  12. Sources of IL (Figure 7.1, 196) • Treaties • Explicitly written agreements among states; legally binding • Authoritative bodies • UN International Law Commission • Courts • International Court of Justice • Relatively weak = few cases, noncompulsory jurisdiction; few major cases; states initiate proceedings • National and local courts (universal jurisdiction)

  13. Expansion of International Judiciary • Individual responsibility for war crimes and crimes against humanity • Ad hoc tribunals (International Criminal Tribunals for Former Yugoslavia, Rwanda) • International Criminal Court (ICC) (under UN auspices) • Compulsory jurisdiction, jurisdiction over individuals • genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, crimes of aggression • Essential for establishing international law, enforcing individual accountability • US, China, India, Turkey critical of ICC • US refused to sign treaty; military personnel, president subject to ICC jurisdiction • “Exceptional” international responsibilities -- military and leaders should be immune from prosecution • Infringes on US sovereignty

  14. Why states obey IL • Weak authoritative structures at international level • Liberal: right thing to do; states want to do what is right and moral; international law reflects what is right • States benefit from doing what is right, moral • States want to be viewed positively, respected by world opinion; fear being labeled pariahs, losing face and prestige • Collective action, security • Other members have recourse if states disobey • Diplomatic protests • Reprisals • Economic boycotts, embargoes • Military force • Realist: emphasize self-help mechanisms

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