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Synapses, Chemical messaging

This article provides an introduction to cognitive neuroscience, focusing on the transmission agents and processes involved in neural communication. It explores the role of ions, neurotransmitters, ion channels, receptors, pumps, depolarization, and action potentials. Additionally, it discusses the importance of the myelin sheath, synaptic actions, and the control of neural communication by astrocytes. The impact of drugs on neural communication is also addressed.

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Synapses, Chemical messaging

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  1. Synapses,Chemical messaging NBE-E5700 Introduction to Cognitive Neuroscience Ilia Kempi

  2. Where are we?

  3. Transmission agents • Ions • Concentration directly affects electrical potential • Present in high volumes outside glial cells • Neurotransmitters • Modulate the inflow of ions into neural cells

  4. Channels and receptors • AMPA receptor example • Activated with glutamate • Acts as an ion channel • Permeability to calcium ion depending on GluR2

  5. Types of ion channels • Directly gated channels • ligand – gated (LGIC) • Indirectly gated channels • second messenger mechanism • e.g. Metabotropic receptors • Voltage gated channels • Pumps

  6. Depolarization process

  7. Depolarization process [.......]

  8. Depolarization process [□....]

  9. Depolarization process [□□..]

  10. Depolarization process [□□□]

  11. Action potential

  12. Action potential propagation

  13. Action potential propagation

  14. Analogy • Axon propagation dynamics is very similar to squeezing a small amount of dough through a cake dressing bag • Mother nature gave this process an improvement

  15. Myelin sheath • Schwann cell warps around axon • Regenerative function • Inhibits local depolarization

  16. Speed improvement

  17. Synaptic action

  18. Synaptic action [......]

  19. Synaptic action [□....]

  20. Synaptic action [□□..]

  21. Synaptic action [□□□]

  22. Complete model Astrocyte controls local neuron communication with neurotransmitters Glutamate, ATP and GABA A A Drugs may affect neural communication by mimicking neurotransmitters or by other indirect methods D D

  23. Conclusions • Neurotransmitters launch depolarization process • Action potential is generated in the cell • Axon propagates the potential to synapses • Synapses release neurotransmitters

  24. Additional material • Chemical Synapse animation (McGrawHill Education) • Action at the synapse (Pearson Higher Education)

  25. References • Page 2 • Iiro P. Jääskeläinen, Introduction to Cognitive Neuroscience • Page 3 • Middle School Chemistry, American Chemical Society • Page 4 • Wikipedia: Glutamate receptor • Page 11 • StackExchange: Biology #31404

  26. References • Page 13 • Rice University, CNX /cs_Pb-GW@5 • Page 15 • Modesto Junior college, Elementary Anatomy and Psychology: nervous system • Page 16 • Johnson County community college, Schwann Cell and Action potential • Page 22 • Braintalks blog, 2012. Astrocytes: Keeping your brain healthy • Wikipedia: Astrocyte, Morphine

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